增量已优化(Visual C Express 2010)

Increment optimized away (Visual C Express 2010)

本文关键字:Express 2010 Visual 优化      更新时间:2023-10-16

在使用Visual C++Express 2010进行C++项目时,我发现了一个我想了解的有趣问题。问题是,如果我在调试或发布模式下编译,我的程序的结果会有所不同。我制作了一个小程序来复制它:

#include <stdio.h>

int firstarg(int i)
{
    printf("First argument called with i = %dn", i);
    return i;
}
int secondarg(int i)
{
    printf("Second argument called with i = %dn", i);
    return i;
}
void function(int i, int j)
{
    printf("Function called with %d, %dn", i,j);
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
    // Line with the problem!
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; ) function(firstarg(i), secondarg(i++)); 
    return 0;
}
// Result on RELEASE:
Second argument called with i = 0
First argument called with i = 0
Function called with 0, 0
Second argument called with i = 1
First argument called with i = 1
Function called with 1, 1
Second argument called with i = 2
First argument called with i = 2
Function called with 2, 2
Second argument called with i = 3
First argument called with i = 3
Function called with 3, 3
Second argument called with i = 4
First argument called with i = 4
Function called with 4, 4
// Result on DEBUG
Second argument called with i = 0
First argument called with i = 1
Function called with 1, 0
Second argument called with i = 1
First argument called with i = 2
Function called with 2, 1
Second argument called with i = 2
First argument called with i = 3
Function called with 3, 2
Second argument called with i = 3
First argument called with i = 4
Function called with 4, 3
Second argument called with i = 4
First argument called with i = 5
Function called with 5, 4

正如您所看到的,在这两种情况下,第二个参数都是在第一个参数之前求值的(如果参数是在某种后进先出堆栈中处理的,那么我所期望的那个参数);但在释放中,变量i的增量被"优化掉",并被延迟到循环的下一次迭代。这是出乎意料的,我真的很想了解发生了什么。

当然,我可以通过将循环更改为来轻松地"修复"我的代码

    for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) function(firstarg(i+1), secondarg(i)); 

不管编译参数如何,这将总是给出相同的结果。但是,我仍然想了解这种增量优化背后的原因。

PS。顺便说一句,我无法在linux下用gcc重现这个问题(使用-O0标志调试,使用-O3发布)。

您误解了结果。增量不会被"优化掉"或延迟到循环的下一次迭代。在下一次迭代之前,您无法查看i的值是多少。试试这个:

for (int i = 0; i < 5; )
{
   function(firstarg(i), secondarg(i++)); 
   printf("At end of iteration, i = %dn");
}

你会发现它一点也没有延迟。

您的代码是UB,因为您可以访问一个变量并修改同一个变量,而不需要插入序列点。虽然你可能会得到非常疯狂的结果,但实际上你会得到两个"预期"的结果,这取决于你的优化。函数参数的求值顺序未指定。

您的程序在没有插入序列点的情况下(在function的函数调用表达式中)修改并读取变量i两次,这只是未定义的行为

我认为您有一个序列点导致未定义行为的问题:

  • 这是一个类似的问题:为什么这些构造(使用++)是未定义的行为?

  • 这个答案很好:为什么这些构造(使用++)是未定义的行为?

  • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_point

在任何情况下,解决方案都是不编写这种代码。