正在阻止复制构造函数中的切片

Preventing slicing in copy constructor

本文关键字:切片 构造函数 复制      更新时间:2023-10-16

我想复制一个Foo对象类型的向量,但这些对象可以是几种不同的Foo派生类型。我不知道如何在不切片的情况下进行复制。这是我的玩具代码

#include "stdafx.h"
#include <memory>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
class Foo
{
public:
    Foo() { m_x = "abc"; }
    Foo( const Foo &other ) { m_x = other.m_x; }
    virtual std::string ToString() { return m_x; }
    std::string m_x;
};
class FooDerivedA : public Foo
{
public:
    FooDerivedA() : Foo() { m_y = 123; }
    std::string ToString() { return m_x + ", " + std::to_string( m_y ); }
    int m_y;
};
class FooDerivedB : public Foo
{
public:
    FooDerivedB() : Foo() { m_z = true; }
    std::string ToString() { return m_x + ", " + std::to_string( m_z ); }
    bool m_z;
};
class Foos
{
public:
    Foos(){}
    Foos( const Foos &other )
    {
        for ( auto &foo : other.m_Foos )
        {
            // I believe this is slicing. How can I prevent this?
            auto f = std::unique_ptr<Foo>( new Foo( *foo ) ); 
            m_Foos.push_back( std::move( f ) );
        }
    }
    void Add( std::unique_ptr<Foo> foo ) { m_Foos.push_back( std::move( foo ) ); }
    std::string ToString() 
    {
        std::string s;
        for ( auto &foo : m_Foos )
        {
            s += foo->ToString() + "n";
        }
        return s;
    }
private:
    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Foo>> m_Foos;
};
int main()
{
    Foos f1;
    f1.Add( std::unique_ptr<FooDerivedA>( new FooDerivedA ) );
    auto f2 = Foos( f1 );
    std::cout << "f1:" << f1.ToString() << std::endl;
    std::cout << "f2:" << f2.ToString() << std::endl;
    system("pause");
    return 0;
}

我不能指定类型应该是FooDerivedAlike:

auto f = std::unique_ptr<Foo>( new FooDerivedA( *foo ) ); 

因为它可能是FooDerivedB。如何在不进行切片的情况下复制数据?

解决此问题的经典方法是实现virtual Foo *clone() const,然后调用它而不是复制构造函数。

因此,如果我们在x中有一个Foo(派生形式)的对象,我们可以通过以下方式创建另一个对象:

 void someFunc(Foo *x)
 {
     Foo *copy_of_x = x->clone();
     ... 
     delete copy_of_x;  // Important so we don't leak!
 }

注意,由于它是一个虚拟函数,我们不能在foo的构造函数或它的任何派生类型中调用它,因为虚拟函数在构造函数中不能"正确"操作。

您可以考虑在容器中使用Boost.Variant而不是指针。这样可以避免很多切片和内存管理问题。此外,您还可以从默认构造函数中获得更多。

以下是使用此设计对您的示例进行的全面返工:

#include <vector>
#include <iterator>
#include <string>
#include <boost/variant.hpp>
struct Foo
{
    Foo() : m_x("abc") {}
    std::string m_x;
};
struct FooDerivedA : Foo
{
    FooDerivedA() : m_y(123) {}
    int m_y;
};
struct FooDerivedB : Foo
{
    FooDerivedB() : m_z(true) {}
    bool m_z;
};
typedef boost::variant<FooDerivedA, FooDerivedB> a_foo;
struct to_string : boost::static_visitor<std::string>
{
    std::string operator()(Foo const& foo) const 
        {return foo.m_x;}
    std::string operator()(FooDerivedA const& foo) const
        {return foo.m_x + ", " + std::to_string(foo.m_y);}
    std::string operator()(FooDerivedB const& foo) const
        {return foo.m_x + ", " + std::to_string(foo.m_z);}
};
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, a_foo const& foo)
{
    return os << boost::apply_visitor(to_string(), foo);
}
int main()
{
    std::vector<a_foo> f1;
    f1.push_back(FooDerivedA());
    f1.push_back(FooDerivedB());
    auto f2 = f1;
    std::ostream_iterator<a_foo> out_it(std::cout, "n");
    std::cout << "f1:" << std::endl;
    std::copy(f1.begin(), f1.end(), out_it);
    std::cout << "f2:" << std::endl;
    std::copy(f2.begin(), f2.end(), out_it);
    return 0;
}