复制构造函数、析构函数和临时变量

copy constructor,destructor and temporaries

本文关键字:变量 析构函数 构造函数 复制      更新时间:2023-10-16

我编写这个类是为了测试默认构造函数、复制构造函数、赋值运算符和析构函数的行为:

#include <iostream>
class Test {
  public:
    Test();
    Test(const Test&);
    ~Test();
    Test &operator=(const Test&);
  private:
    static int count;
    int label;
};
Test::Test() : label(count++) 
{
  std::cout<<"constructor of "<<label<<std::endl;
}
Test::Test(const Test &other) : label(count++)
{
  std::cout<<"copy-constructor of "<<label<<std::endl;
}
Test::~Test()
{
  std::cout<<"destructor of "<<label<<std::endl;
}
Test &Test::operator=(const Test &other)
{
  std::cout<<"copy assignment operator of "<<label<<std::endl;
}
int Test::count=0;

我在不同的上下文中使用了这个类,以深入了解如何以及何时调用每个函数:我期望评论中的行为:

#include "Test.h"

// argument passed and returned by reference 
const Test &funct_by_ref(const Test &ref)
{
  return ref;
}
// argument passed and returned by value
// call copy constructor to initialize parameter
Test funct_by_val(Test val)
{
  // calls copy constructor to initialize temporary
  return val;
}  // exits local scope,val is destroyed,calls val destructor 

int main()
{
  // creates a temporary,calls 0 default constructor 
  Test();  // the temporary is destroyed at the end of the expression that created it
           // calls 0 destructor
  // creates a temporary (calls 1 default constructor) and calls 2 copy constructor 
  Test t2=Test(); // same as Test t2((Test()));
  std::cout<<"--------------------------------"<<std::endl;
  // calls 3 copy constructor
  Test t3=t2;
  // calls 4 default constructor
  Test t4;
  {
    // calls 5 copy constructor
    Test t5(t4);
  } // local scope,t5 is destroyed,calls 5 destructor
  // calls 4 assignment operator 
  t4=t2;
  std::cout<<"-------------------------------"<<std::endl;
  // nothing happens here
  funct_by_ref(t4);
  std::cout<<"-------------------------------"<<std::endl;
  // calls copy constructor twice 6,7
  funct_by_val(t4);
  // temporary is destroyed at the end of the expression,calls destructor
}

但我得到了以下输出:

constructor of 0
destructor of 0
constructor of 1
------------------------
copy-constructor of 2
constructor of 3
copy-constructor of 4
destructor of 4
copy assignment operator of 3
--------------------------
---------------------------
copy-constructor of 5
copy-constructor of 6
destructor of 6
destructor of 5
destructor of 3
destructor of 2
destructor of 1

一切都很好,直到第一个----------------它似乎跳过了对象的创建(我想到了初始化t2的临时用法,因为它没有在那一行之后被破坏(,所以计数减少了一。。

Test t2=Test(); // same as Test t2((Test()));

在这里,编译器正在(并且可以(删除副本,并且将具有与执行以下操作相同的效果:

Test t2;

如果检测临时库存在的唯一方法是跟踪构造函数和析构函数调用,则该标准有特定的规定允许但不要求实现消除(即省略创建(临时库。

你看到的差异是因为你预期的行为是基于临时性的创建和销毁,而编译器选择不创建这些临时性。请注意,取消临时性的决定各不相同,这取决于实施(通常受优化设置的影响(。