如何在 c++ 链表中使用模板?

我不完全理解模板的概念，并试图获得有关如何在下面的链表上实现模板的帮助。我正在尝试让我的代码能够支持以下类型List< List<std::string> >List<std::string>List<int>：我想知道除了尝试解释正在发生的事情之外，是否有人可以给我一个例子，说明如何将这些项目转换为模板？我是 c++ 的新手，所以我能得到的任何帮助将不胜感激。

#include <string>
#include <iostream>
#include <cstddef>

using Item = std::string;
// TURN DList into a template!
class DList {
private:
class DListNode {
public:
Item item;
DListNode * next;
DListNode * prev;
DListNode(Item i, DListNode *n=nullptr, DListNode *p=nullptr) {
item = i;      
next = n;
prev = p;
}
};
DListNode * head;
DListNode * tail;
public:
class iterator {
DListNode *node;
public:
iterator(DListNode *n = nullptr) {
node = n;
}
Item& getItem() { return node->item; }
void next() { node = node->next; }
void prev() { node = node->prev; }
bool end() { return node==nullptr; }
friend class DList;
};

public:
DList() {
// list is empty
head = nullptr;
tail = nullptr;
}
bool empty() {
return head==nullptr;
}
void append(Item a) {
DListNode *node = new DListNode(a,nullptr,tail);
if ( head == nullptr ) {
// empty list
head = node;
tail = node;
} else {
tail->next = node;
tail = node;
}
}
void insertAfter(iterator it, Item item)
{
if(head == nullptr || it.node == nullptr) { // NULL iterator means insert at head
DListNode *node = new DListNode(item,head); // next=head, prev=NULL
if ( head == nullptr) // same as zyBook
head = tail = node;
else { // if inserting before head, it.node==NULL
head->prev = node;
head = node;
}
} else if (it.node == tail) {
DListNode *node = new DListNode(item,nullptr,tail); // next=NULL, prev=old tail
tail->next = node;
tail = node;
} else {
DListNode *node = new DListNode(item,it.node->next,it.node);
it.node->next = node;
node->next->prev = node;
}
}
void erase (iterator it) {
DListNode *succ = it.node->next; // successor node
DListNode *pred = it.node->prev; // predecessor node
if (succ != NULL)
succ->prev = pred;
if (pred != NULL)
pred->next = succ;
if (it.node == head)
head = succ; // head is following node
if (it.node == tail)
tail = pred; // tail is previous node
delete it.node; // delete the node; not shown in zyBook, but necessary in C/C++
// iterator is now invalid, caller should not use it again
}
iterator begin() {
return iterator(head);
}
iterator reverse_begin() {
return iterator(tail);
}
};
template <typename Item>
std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& out, DList<Item> &l)
{
out << "{";
auto it = l.begin();
out << it.getItem();
it.next();
for(; !it.end(); it.next())
{
out << ", " << it.getItem();
}
out << "}" << std::endl;
return out;
}

int main()
{
{
DList<std::string> l;
l.append("eggs");
l.append("milk");
l.append("bread");
std::cout << l;
}
{
DList<int> l;
l.append(1);
l.append(2);
l.append(3);
std::cout << l;
}
return 0;
}