Visual Studio 2012 Express 编译器未正确链接头文件

我正在为一个小的2D游戏设置一些框架。现在，我只有几个类，但我立即陷入编译器问题。

我只用main功能运行了这个程序，所以我可以确认 Allegro(图形库)库链接是否有效。

我已将所有头文件 (.h) 放在解决方案资源管理器的"头文件"部分下，将所有源文件 (.cpp) 放在"源文件"部分。我只修改了默认设置，根据这个 Allegro 教程：http://wiki.allegro.cc/index.php?title=Windows,_Visual_Studio_2010_and_Allegro_5。它不应该以破坏性的方式影响任何事情。

我有几个文件，所以我会列出每个文件。我将跳过一些代码以减少大小和冗余。当我省略任何代码或做任何不逐字逐句的事情时，我会在代码中加入注释。(编辑：我实际上没有跳过任何代码)

主.cpp

#include "common.h"
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
ALLEGRO_DISPLAY *display = NULL;
World* world = new World(640, 480);
if(!al_init()) {
fprintf(stderr, "failed to initialize allegro!n");
return -1;
}
display = al_create_display(640, 480);
if(!display) {
fprintf(stderr, "failed to create display!n");
return -1;
}
al_clear_to_color(al_map_rgb(0,0,0));
world->draw(display);
al_flip_display();
al_rest(10.0);
al_destroy_display(display);
return 0;
}

普通.h

#if !defined(COMMON_INC)
#define COMMON_INC
#include "World.h"
#include "Pane.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <allegro5/allegro.h>
#endif

世界.h

#if !defined(WORLD_INC)
#define WORLD_INC
#include "common.h"
#include "Pane.h"
class World{
public:
World(int wp, int hp);
void draw(ALLEGRO_DISPLAY* display);
void update();

protected:
private:
Pane* panel;
int heightPix, widthPix;
};
#endif

世界.cpp

#include "common.h"
World::World(int wp, int hp){
widthPix = wp;
heightPix = hp;
panel = new Pane(this, 10, 10, 300, 400);
return;
}
void World::draw(ALLEGRO_DISPLAY* display){
panel->draw(display);
return;
}

窗格.h

#if !defined(PANE_INC)
#define PANE_INC
#include "common.h"
class Pane{
public:
Pane(World* w, int xv, int yv, int wi, int he);
World* getWorld();
int getZ();
void draw(ALLEGRO_DISPLAY* display);
ALLEGRO_BITMAP* getBackground();
protected:
void setXY(int xv, int yv);
void setWidthHeight(int wi, int he);
void setZ(int zv);
void setBackground(ALLEGRO_BITMAP* ba);
private:
int z;
int x, y; //pixels
int width, height; //pixels
World* world;
ALLEGRO_BITMAP* background;
};
#endif

窗格.cpp

#include "common.h"
Pane::Pane(World* w, int xv, int yv, int wi, int he){
this->setWidthHeight(wi, he);
this->setXY(xv, yv);
this->world = w;
}
World* Pane::getWorld(){
return world;
}
void Pane::setXY(int xv, int yv){
x = xv;
y = yv;
return;
}
void Pane::setWidthHeight(int wi, int he){
width = wi;
height = he;
return;
}
void Pane::setZ(int zv){
z = zv;
return;
}
void Pane::draw(ALLEGRO_DISPLAY* display){
if(background != NULL)
al_draw_bitmap(background, x, y, 0);
else{
background = al_create_bitmap(width, height);
al_set_target_bitmap(background);
al_clear_to_color(al_map_rgb(255, 0, 255));
al_set_target_bitmap(al_get_backbuffer(display));
al_draw_bitmap(background, x, y, 0);
}
return;
}

编译器在构建时生成此错误报告：(我称该游戏为疯狂科学家，因为它应该是炼金术主题)

1>------ Build started: Project: MadScientist, Configuration: Debug Win32 ------
1>  main.cpp
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(8): error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'World'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(9): error C2143: syntax error : missing ';' before '*'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(9): error C4430: missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(9): warning C4183: 'getWorld': missing return type; assumed to be a member function returning 'int'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(11): error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'ALLEGRO_DISPLAY'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(12): error C2143: syntax error : missing ';' before '*'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(12): error C4430: missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(12): warning C4183: 'getBackground': missing return type; assumed to be a member function returning 'int'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(18): error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'ALLEGRO_BITMAP'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(24): error C2143: syntax error : missing ';' before '*'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(24): error C4430: missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(25): error C2143: syntax error : missing ';' before '*'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(25): error C4430: missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistworld.h(10): error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'ALLEGRO_DISPLAY'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistmain.cpp(22): error C2660: 'World::draw' : function does not take 1 arguments
1>  World.cpp
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(8): error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'World'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(9): error C2143: syntax error : missing ';' before '*'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(9): error C4430: missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(9): warning C4183: 'getWorld': missing return type; assumed to be a member function returning 'int'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(11): error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'ALLEGRO_DISPLAY'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(12): error C2143: syntax error : missing ';' before '*'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(12): error C4430: missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(12): warning C4183: 'getBackground': missing return type; assumed to be a member function returning 'int'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(18): error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'ALLEGRO_BITMAP'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(24): error C2143: syntax error : missing ';' before '*'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(24): error C4430: missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(25): error C2143: syntax error : missing ';' before '*'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(25): error C4430: missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistworld.h(10): error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'ALLEGRO_DISPLAY'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistworld.cpp(6): error C2661: 'Pane::Pane' : no overloaded function takes 5 arguments
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistworld.cpp(10): error C2511: 'void World::draw(ALLEGRO_DISPLAY *)' : overloaded member function not found in 'World'
1>          c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistworld.h(7) : see declaration of 'World'
1>  Pane.cpp
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(8): error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'World'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(9): error C2143: syntax error : missing ';' before '*'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(9): error C4430: missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(9): warning C4183: 'getWorld': missing return type; assumed to be a member function returning 'int'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(11): error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'ALLEGRO_DISPLAY'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(12): error C2143: syntax error : missing ';' before '*'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(12): error C4430: missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(12): warning C4183: 'getBackground': missing return type; assumed to be a member function returning 'int'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(18): error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'ALLEGRO_BITMAP'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(24): error C2143: syntax error : missing ';' before '*'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(24): error C4430: missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(25): error C2143: syntax error : missing ';' before '*'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(25): error C4430: missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistworld.h(10): error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'ALLEGRO_DISPLAY'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.cpp(3): error C2511: 'Pane::Pane(World *,int,int,int,int)' : overloaded member function not found in 'Pane'
1>          c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(6) : see declaration of 'Pane'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.cpp(9): error C2556: 'World *Pane::getWorld(void)' : overloaded function differs only by return type from 'int *Pane::getWorld(void)'
1>          c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(9) : see declaration of 'Pane::getWorld'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.cpp(9): error C2371: 'Pane::getWorld' : redefinition; different basic types
1>          c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(9) : see declaration of 'Pane::getWorld'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.cpp(10): error C2065: 'world' : undeclared identifier
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.cpp(30): error C2511: 'void Pane::draw(ALLEGRO_DISPLAY *)' : overloaded member function not found in 'Pane'
1>          c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(6) : see declaration of 'Pane'
1>  Generating Code...
========== Build: 0 succeeded, 1 failed, 0 up-to-date, 0 skipped ==========

你有我所做的所有信息。我将为您总结一下，以省去浏览所有内容的麻烦。

• 将类分为标头接口和源实现
• common.h 包含在所有文件中。它本身包括其他头文件中的所有类定义
• 编译时，编译器不会将其他头文件中定义的类识别为数据类型。正如您所料，错误会级联下来。
• 实时错误检查器不会记录任何错误。例如，当将鼠标悬停在单词"World"上时，当它用作Pane中的数据类型时，它可以完美地识别该类型。实时错误检查器是在编译器时间之前用红色标记错误的功能。
• 这个Visual Studio 2012 Express是新的，除了前面提到的修改。该项目是作为空C++项目创建的。在添加许多标头和源之前，main函数正确编译。

感谢您的任何回复。如果您有任何问题，请提问。我在Visual Studio上遇到的问题总是让我感到恼火。

编辑：

我的循环标头逻辑由标头保护器保护。我不认为这种冗余是一个问题。

我尝试从头文件中删除除 Allegro 库的包含之外的所有包含。这似乎效果更好，但仍然存在奇怪的问题。为什么包含的行为会导致这些数据类型出错仍然是一个谜。以下是新的错误日志：

1>------ Build started: Project: MadScientist, Configuration: Debug Win32 ------
1>  main.cpp
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistworld.h(16): error C2143: syntax error : missing ';' before '*'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistworld.h(16): error C4430: missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int
1>  World.cpp
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistworld.h(16): error C2143: syntax error : missing ';' before '*'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistworld.h(16): error C4430: missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistworld.cpp(6): error C2065: 'panel' : undeclared identifier
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistworld.cpp(11): error C2065: 'panel' : undeclared identifier
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistworld.cpp(11): error C2227: left of '->draw' must point to class/struct/union/generic type
1>          type is ''unknown-type''
1>  Pane.cpp
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistworld.h(16): error C2143: syntax error : missing ';' before '*'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistworld.h(16): error C4430: missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int
1>  Generating Code...
========== Build: 0 succeeded, 1 failed, 0 up-to-date, 0 skipped ==========

第 2 轮编辑：

我切换了我的代码，所以common.h只包括stdio和Allegro。所有头文件和源文件都包括 common.h，然后是它们单独使用的任何类的头文件。窗格.cpp包括 Pane.h 和 common.h。World.h 包括 Pane.h 和 common.h。

错误日志显示：

1>------ Build started: Project: MadScientist, Configuration: Debug Win32 ------
1>  main.cpp
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(9): error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'World'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(10): error C2143: syntax error : missing ';' before '*'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(10): error C4430: missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(10): warning C4183: 'getWorld': missing return type; assumed to be a member function returning 'int'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(25): error C2143: syntax error : missing ';' before '*'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(25): error C4430: missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int
1>  World.cpp
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(9): error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'World'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(10): error C2143: syntax error : missing ';' before '*'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(10): error C4430: missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(10): warning C4183: 'getWorld': missing return type; assumed to be a member function returning 'int'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(25): error C2143: syntax error : missing ';' before '*'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistpane.h(25): error C4430: missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistworld.cpp(7): error C2661: 'Pane::Pane' : no overloaded function takes 5 arguments
1>  Pane.cpp
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistworld.h(16): error C2143: syntax error : missing ';' before '*'
1>c:usersethomadocumentsvisual studio 2012projectsmadscientistmadscientistworld.h(16): error C4430: missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int
1>  Generating Code...
========== Build: 0 succeeded, 1 failed, 0 up-to-date, 0 skipped ==========

这就是我现在如何看待我的包含订单：

1. 主要包括常见
2. 通用定义COMMON_INC
3. 常见的包括 STDIO 和 Allegro
4. 主要包括世界。
5. 世界定义WORLD_INC
6. 世界包括共同，这是被阻止的。但这应该没问题，因为已经包含通用
7. 世界包括窗格
8. 窗格定义PANE_INC
9. 窗格包括 common，它被阻止。但这应该没问题，因为已经包含通用。
10. 窗格包括世界。这被阻止了，因为主要已经包括了世界。这不应该没问题，因为世界已经包括在内。如果我需要多次包含文件，为什么我什至有编译器保护，每个使用它的文件一次？

编辑第 3 轮：我从这里的答案和评论中学到了很多东西。事实证明，根据维基百科，"循环依赖通常是由缺乏经验的程序员引入的，他们需要实现某种回调功能。Pane使用World和World使用Pane这一事实本身就是一个设计缺陷。在Java中，这对我来说都很好。这很容易;我认为这是通知"拥有"对象的实体对象操作的最佳方式。

事实证明，这是一个糟糕的设计方案。对象不应依赖于其"拥有者"。相反，我需要实现一个观察者系统，其中窗格可以告诉世界它已经更新了它的状态。

阅读维基百科清除了我的任何问题，所以我现在认为这个问题已经完成。感谢贡献者为学习程序员提供