希尔伯特变换(分析信号)使用Apple的加速框架?

Hilbert Transform (Analytical Signal) using Apple's Accelerate Framework?

本文关键字:Apple 使用 加速 框架 信号 变换      更新时间:2023-10-16

我在使用苹果的Accelerate FrameworkC++中获得等效于Matlab的Hilbert变换时遇到问题。我已经能够使vDSP的FFT算法发挥作用,并且在Paul R的帖子的帮助下,成功地获得了与Matlab相同的结果。

我已经阅读了这两个问题:Jordan的这个stackoverflow问题,并阅读了Matlab算法(在"算法"子标题下)。将算法总结为三个阶段:

  1. 对输入进行FFT
  2. 零反射频率和直流和奈奎斯特之间的双频
  3. 对修改后的正向FFT输出进行反向FFT

以下是每个阶段的Matlab和C++的输出。示例使用以下数组:

  • Matlab:m = [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8];
  • C++:float m[] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8};

Matlab示例


第1阶段:

36.0000 + 0.0000i
-4.0000 + 9.6569i
-4.0000 + 4.0000i
-4.0000 + 1.6569i
-4.0000 + 0.0000i
-4.0000 - 1.6569i
-4.0000 - 4.0000i
-4.0000 - 9.6569i

第2阶段:

36.0000 + 0.0000i
-8.0000 + 19.3137i
-8.0000 + 8.0000i
-8.0000 + 3.3137i
-4.0000 + 0.0000i
0.0000 + 0.0000i
0.0000 + 0.0000i
0.0000 + 0.0000i

第3阶段:

1.0000 + 3.8284i
2.0000 - 1.0000i
3.0000 - 1.0000i
4.0000 - 1.8284i
5.0000 - 1.8284i
6.0000 - 1.0000i
7.0000 - 1.0000i
8.0000 + 3.8284i

C++示例(使用苹果的Accelerate框架)


第1阶段:

Real: 36.0000, Imag: 0.0000
Real: -4.0000, Imag: 9.6569
Real: -4.0000, Imag: 4.0000
Real: -4.0000, Imag: 1.6569
Real: -4.0000, Imag: 0.0000

第2阶段:

Real: 36.0000, Imag: 0.0000
Real: -8.0000, Imag: 19.3137
Real: -8.0000, Imag: 8.0000
Real: -8.0000, Imag: 3.3137
Real: -4.0000, Imag: 0.0000

第3阶段:

Real: -2.0000, Imag: -1.0000
Real:  2.0000, Imag: 3.0000
Real:  6.0000, Imag: 7.0000
Real: 10.0000, Imag: 11.0000

很明显,最终结果并不相同。我希望能够计算Matlab"第三阶段"的结果(或者至少是想象的部分),但我不确定如何进行,我已经尝试了我能想到的一切,但都没有成功。我有一种感觉,这是因为我没有将Apple Accelerate版本中的反射频率归零,因为它们没有提供(由于是根据DC和奈奎斯特之间的频率计算的)-所以我认为FFT只是将倍频的共轭值作为反射值,这是错误的。如果有人能帮我克服这个问题,我将不胜感激


代码


void hilbert(std::vector<float> &data, std::vector<float> &hilbertResult){
// Set variable.
dataSize_2 = data.size() * 0.5;
// Clear and resize vectors.
workspace.clear();
hilbertResult.clear();
workspace.resize(data.size()/2+1, 0.0f);
hilbertResult.resize(data.size(), 0.0f);
// Copy data into the hilbertResult vector.
std::copy(data.begin(), data.end(), hilbertResult.begin());
// Perform forward FFT.
fft(hilbertResult, hilbertResult.size(), FFT_FORWARD);
// Fill workspace with 1s and 2s (to double frequencies between DC and Nyquist).
workspace.at(0) = workspace.at(dataSize_2) = 1.0f;
for (i = 1; i < dataSize_2; i++)
workspace.at(i) = 2.0f;
// Multiply forward FFT output by workspace vector.
for (i = 0; i < workspace.size(); i++) {
hilbertResult.at(i*2)   *= workspace.at(i);
hilbertResult.at(i*2+1) *= workspace.at(i);
}
// Perform inverse FFT.
fft(hilbertResult, hilbertResult.size(), FFT_INVERSE);
for (i = 0; i < hilbertResult.size()/2; i++)
printf("Real: %.4f, Imag: %.4fn", hilbertResult.at(i*2), hilbertResult.at(i*2+1));
}

上面的代码是我用来获得"Stage 3"C++(使用苹果的Accelerate Framework)结果的代码。用于前向fft的fft(..)方法执行vDSP fft例程,然后执行0.5的标度,然后解压缩(根据Paul R的帖子)。当执行逆fft时,数据被打包,按2.0缩放,使用vDSP进行fft运算,最后按1/(2*N)缩放。

因此,主要问题(据我所知,因为你的代码样本不包括对vDSP的实际调用)是,你试图在第三步中使用实到复FFT例程,这从根本上是一个复到复逆FFT(你的Matlab结果具有非零虚部这一事实证明了这一点)。

这里有一个使用vDSP的简单C实现,它与您预期的Matlab输出相匹配(我使用了更现代的vDSP_DFT例程,它通常应该比旧的fft例程更受欢迎,但除此之外,这与您正在做的非常相似,并说明了实复正向变换,但复复复逆变换的必要性):

#include <Accelerate/Accelerate.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
const vDSP_Length n = 8;
vDSP_DFT_SetupD forward = vDSP_DFT_zrop_CreateSetupD(NULL, n, vDSP_DFT_FORWARD);
vDSP_DFT_SetupD inverse = vDSP_DFT_zop_CreateSetupD(forward, n, vDSP_DFT_INVERSE);
//  Look like a typo?  The real-to-complex DFT takes its input separated into
//  the even- and odd-indexed elements.  Since the real signal is [ 1, 2, 3, ... ],
//  signal[0] is 1, signal[2] is 3, and so on for the even indices.
double even[n/2] = { 1, 3, 5, 7 };
double odd[n/2] = { 2, 4, 6, 8 };
double real[n] = { 0 };
double imag[n] = { 0 };
vDSP_DFT_ExecuteD(forward, even, odd, real, imag);
//  At this point, we have the forward real-to-complex DFT, which agrees with
//  MATLAB up to a factor of two.  Since we want to double all but DC and NY
//  as part of the Hilbert transform anyway, I'm not going to bother to
//  unscale the rest of the frequencies -- they're already the values that
//  we really want.  So we just need to move NY into the "right place",
//  and scale DC and NY by 0.5.  The reflection frequencies are already
//  zeroed out because the real-to-complex DFT only writes to the first n/2
//  elements of real and imag.
real[0] *= 0.5; real[n/2] = 0.5*imag[0]; imag[0] = 0.0;
printf("Stage 2:n");
for (int i=0; i<n; ++i) printf("%f%+fin", real[i], imag[i]);
double hilbert[2*n];
double *hilbertreal = &hilbert[0];
double *hilbertimag = &hilbert[n];
vDSP_DFT_ExecuteD(inverse, real, imag, hilbertreal, hilbertimag);
//  Now we have the completed hilbert transform up to a scale factor of n.
//  We can unscale using vDSP_vsmulD.
double scale = 1.0/n; vDSP_vsmulD(hilbert, 1, &scale, hilbert, 1, 2*n);
printf("Stage 3:n");
for (int i=0; i<n; ++i) printf("%f%+fin", hilbertreal[i], hilbertimag[i]);
vDSP_DFT_DestroySetupD(inverse);
vDSP_DFT_DestroySetupD(forward);
return 0;
}

请注意,如果您已经构建了DFT设置并分配了存储,则计算非常简单;"真正的工作"只是:

vDSP_DFT_ExecuteD(forward, even, odd, real, imag);
real[0] *= 0.5; real[n/2] = 0.5*imag[0]; imag[0] = 0.0;
vDSP_DFT_ExecuteD(inverse, real, imag, hilbertreal, hilbertimag);
double scale = 1.0/n; vDSP_vsmulD(hilbert, 1, &scale, hilbert, 1, 2*n);

样本输出:

Stage 2:
36.000000+0.000000i
-8.000000+19.313708i
-8.000000+8.000000i
-8.000000+3.313708i
-4.000000+0.000000i
0.000000+0.000000i
0.000000+0.000000i
0.000000+0.000000i
Stage 3:
1.000000+3.828427i
2.000000-1.000000i
3.000000-1.000000i
4.000000-1.828427i
5.000000-1.828427i
6.000000-1.000000i
7.000000-1.000000i
8.000000+3.828427i