这是按值传递还是按引用传递

Is this pass by value or pass by reference?

本文关键字:按引用传递 按值传递      更新时间:2023-10-16

我正在使用带有C++的cplex。最近,我在看下面的例子。然后我对填充函数感到困惑。这是按值传递的吧?但是为什么在主函数中创建的模型在执行填充函数后会更新呢?它不应该仍然是空模型吗?

// -------------------------------------------------------------- -*- C++ -*-
// File: ilolpex1.cpp
// Version 12.5
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Licensed Materials - Property of IBM
// 5725-A06 5725-A29 5724-Y48 5724-Y49 5724-Y54 5724-Y55 5655-Y21
// Copyright IBM Corporation 2000, 2012. All Rights Reserved.
//
// US Government Users Restricted Rights - Use, duplication or
// disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with
// IBM Corp.
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// ilolpex1.cpp - Entering and optimizing a problem.  Demonstrates different
// methods for creating a problem.  The user has to choose the method
// on the command line:
//
//    ilolpex1  -r     generates the problem by adding rows
//    ilolpex1  -c     generates the problem by adding columns
//    ilolpex1  -n     generates the problem by adding a list of coefficients
#include <ilcplex/ilocplex.h>
ILOSTLBEGIN
static void
   usage (const char *progname),
   populatebyrow     (IloModel model, IloNumVarArray var, IloRangeArray con),
   populatebycolumn  (IloModel model, IloNumVarArray var, IloRangeArray con),
   populatebynonzero (IloModel model, IloNumVarArray var, IloRangeArray con);
int
main (int argc, char **argv)
{
   IloEnv   env;
   try {
      IloModel model(env);
      if (( argc != 2 )                         ||
          ( argv[1][0] != '-' )                 ||
          ( strchr ("rcn", argv[1][1]) == NULL )   ) {
         usage (argv[0]);
         throw(-1);
      }
      IloNumVarArray var(env);
      IloRangeArray con(env);
      switch (argv[1][1]) {
         case 'r':
            populatebyrow (model, var, con);
            break;
         case 'c':
            populatebycolumn (model, var, con);
            break;
         case 'n':
            populatebynonzero (model, var, con);
            break;
      }
      IloCplex cplex(model);
      cplex.exportModel("lpex1.lp");
      // Optimize the problem and obtain solution.
      if ( !cplex.solve() ) {
         env.error() << "Failed to optimize LP" << endl;
         throw(-1);
      }
      IloNumArray vals(env);
      env.out() << "Solution status = " << cplex.getStatus() << endl;
      env.out() << "Solution value  = " << cplex.getObjValue() << endl;
      cplex.getValues(vals, var);
      env.out() << "Values        = " << vals << endl;
      cplex.getSlacks(vals, con);
      env.out() << "Slacks        = " << vals << endl;
      cplex.getDuals(vals, con);
      env.out() << "Duals         = " << vals << endl;
      cplex.getReducedCosts(vals, var);
      env.out() << "Reduced Costs = " << vals << endl;
   }
   catch (IloException& e) {
      cerr << "Concert exception caught: " << e << endl;
   }
   catch (...) {
      cerr << "Unknown exception caught" << endl;
   }
   env.end();
   return 0;
}  // END main

static void usage (const char *progname)
{
   cerr << "Usage: " << progname << " -X" << endl;
   cerr << "   where X is one of the following options:" << endl;
   cerr << "      r          generate problem by row" << endl;
   cerr << "      c          generate problem by column" << endl;
   cerr << "      n          generate problem by nonzero" << endl;
   cerr << " Exiting..." << endl;
} // END usage

// To populate by row, we first create the variables, and then use them to
// create the range constraints and objective.
static void
populatebyrow (IloModel model, IloNumVarArray x, IloRangeArray c)
{
   IloEnv env = model.getEnv();
   x.add(IloNumVar(env, 0.0, 40.0));
   x.add(IloNumVar(env));
   x.add(IloNumVar(env));
   model.add(IloMaximize(env, x[0] + 2 * x[1] + 3 * x[2]));
   c.add( - x[0] +     x[1] + x[2] <= 20);
   c.add(   x[0] - 3 * x[1] + x[2] <= 30);
   x[0].setName("x1");
   x[1].setName("x2");
   x[2].setName("x3");
   c[0].setName("c1");
   c[1].setName("c2");
   model.add(c);
}  // END populatebyrow

// To populate by column, we first create the range constraints and the
// objective, and then create the variables and add them to the ranges and
// objective using column expressions.
static void
populatebycolumn (IloModel model, IloNumVarArray x, IloRangeArray c)
{
   IloEnv env = model.getEnv();
   IloObjective obj = IloMaximize(env);
   c.add(IloRange(env, -IloInfinity, 20.0, "c1"));
   c.add(IloRange(env, -IloInfinity, 30.0, "c2"));
   x.add(IloNumVar(obj(1.0) + c[0](-1.0) + c[1]( 1.0), 0.0, 40.0));
   x.add(IloNumVar(obj(2.0) + c[0]( 1.0) + c[1](-3.0)));
   x.add(IloNumVar(obj(3.0) + c[0]( 1.0) + c[1]( 1.0)));
   x[0].setName("x1");
   x[1].setName("x2");
   x[2].setName("x3");
   model.add(obj);
   model.add(c);
}  // END populatebycolumn

// To populate by nonzero, we first create the rows, then create the
// columns, and then change the nonzeros of the matrix 1 at a time.
static void
populatebynonzero (IloModel model, IloNumVarArray x, IloRangeArray c)
{
   IloEnv env = model.getEnv();
   IloObjective obj = IloMaximize(env);
   c.add(IloRange(env, -IloInfinity, 20.0));
   c.add(IloRange(env, -IloInfinity, 30.0));
   x.add(IloNumVar(env, 0.0, 40.0));
   x.add(IloNumVar(env));
   x.add(IloNumVar(env));
   obj.setLinearCoef(x[0], 1.0);
   obj.setLinearCoef(x[1], 2.0);
   obj.setLinearCoef(x[2], 3.0);
   c[0].setLinearCoef(x[0], -1.0);
   c[0].setLinearCoef(x[1],  1.0);
   c[0].setLinearCoef(x[2],  1.0);
   c[1].setLinearCoef(x[0],  1.0);
   c[1].setLinearCoef(x[1], -3.0);
   c[1].setLinearCoef(x[2],  1.0);
   c[0].setName("c1");
   c[1].setName("c2");
   x[0].setName("x1");
   x[1].setName("x2");
   x[2].setName("x3");
   model.add(obj);
   model.add(c);
}  // END populatebynonzero

参见 ilocplex.h,可能 IloModel 被定义为指针。或手册中所述的"句柄"。

我无法使用谷歌轻松找到ilocplex.h。但这就是我认为它的工作原理:

struct ModelObj {
   int data1, data2, data3;
}
struct Model {
   ModelObj* obj;
}

现在,您可以将 Model 作为值传递,但仍obj指向引用。

是的,这些类实际上是"句柄"类 - 实际上只是一些缠绕在一个好的旧指针上的语法糖。原因是这样更容易使代码看起来更干净,并且它允许库更好地控制正在发生的事情,而不仅仅是允许无处不在的指针,并且更容易做一些事情,例如确保对象在自定义堆上分配,通过使用专门的内存管理来获得更好的性能,该内存管理更多地了解它必须管理的对象类型。自 90 年代末以来,我一直在许多项目中使用 CPLEX,并用它教授了许多课程。如果做得好,它可以使代码更干净。就在实现自己的自定义扩展时,有时需要同时编写实现类和句柄类,这在开始时可能会令人困惑......

请检查:

  1. 您的头文件是否具有自定义的复制构造函数?

  2. IloModel是基于指针的类型吗?就像说明书提到的那样?

自定义复制构造函数的详细说明

您的代码是否具有自定义的复制构造函数,尤其是当类在堆中创建一些数据字段时。 请检查您的代码以了解类 IloModel 的定义。

  • 如果没有自定义的副本构造,则应按值传递模型类。

  • 如果定义了自定义的复制构造函数,并且仅使用引用,则可以通过引用传递。

下面是一段代码,可以向您展示这种类型的构造函数是如何工作的:

#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class person {
  public:
  std::string _name;
  int* _age_ptr; 
  person (const std::string& name, int age) {
    _name = name;
    _age_ptr = new int(age); 
  }
  person(const person& that) {  // The customized copy constructor
    _name = that._name;
    _age_ptr = that._age_ptr;
    cout << "run copy constructor" << endl;
  }
  void print() {
    cout << "name:" << _name <<", age:" << *_age_ptr << endl;
  }
};
person update_age( person that) {
  cout << "Set age tp 70" << endl;
  *that._age_ptr = 70;
  return that;
}
int main() {
  person a("Jim", 60);
  cout <<"Before update, a" << endl;
  a.print(); // Output: name:Jim, age 60
  cout << endl;
  person b = update_age(a);
  cout <<"After update, a" << endl;
  a.print(); // HERE Output: name:Jim, age 70
  cout << endl;
  cout <<"After update, b" << endl;                                                                       
  b.print();
  return 0;
}

有关复制构造函数的更多信息,这里有一个有用的链接:什么是复制和交换习惯用法?