未定义的引用和分段错误

Undefined References and Segmentation Faults

本文关键字:分段 错误 引用 未定义      更新时间:2023-10-16

好的,我正在编写一个程序,它使用几个不同的类,包括一个链排序列表和一个二叉搜索树/节点类。当我在Visual Studio中编译时,它运行没有任何抱怨,100%流畅,并且我已经在那里完全调试了它,没有错误。但是,当我把它放到Unix中时,我必须打开它,然后用g++去测试它,一切都会变得地狱。如果我尝试访问比二叉树的根目录更多的内容,则会出现"分段错误"。

当我使用命令"g++ main.cpp"时,我看到数十个对其他类的成员函数的"未定义引用"。现在,我确实拥有所有必要的 #include 语句,以及使用"#ifndef/#define/#endif"语句。给我带来问题的仅有的两个类是Employee和SearchTreeNode类。以下是这两个以及主要:

    #include "LinkedSortedList.h"
    #include "LinkedNode.h"
    #include "Employee.h"
    #include "SearchTreeNode.h"
    #include <string>
    #include <ostream>
    #include <iostream>
    #include <fstream>
    using namespace std;
    int main() {
LinkedSortedList<Employee> mylist;  //create the LSL
SearchTree mytree;                  //create the BST
int searchCount = 0; //occasionally used to count recursive calls to function
bool _continue = true;
char command;
do{
    cout << "nEnter your command: n" << endl;
    cout << "(I)nsertn(F)ind Employee from IDn(D)elete Employee from IDn(L)ast Name Searchn(S)ave to filen(R)ead from filen(Q)uit" << endl;
    cin >> command;
    if(command == 'I' || command == 'i'){
        //insert
        Employee* newEmployee = new Employee();
        newEmployee->create();
        mylist.insert(*newEmployee);
        mytree.insert(newEmployee);
        cout << "Employee Addedn----------n" << endl;
        newEmployee->print();
        cout << "n----------n" << endl;
    }
    else if(command == 'L' || command == 'l'){
        //arbitrary pointer to undefined matches to be used in fetchAllMatches()
        LinkedSortedList<Employee>* matches;
        string name;
        cout << "Last Name to Search for: " << endl;
        cin >> name;
        Employee* search = new Employee();
        search->setLastName(name);
        int matchCount = mylist.fetchAllMatches(*search, matches, matchCount);
        cout << mylist.size() << " Records Searched.n"<< matchCount << " Matches Found:" << endl;
        //Make sure that there is something to print to avoid errors
        if(matchCount > 0)
            matches->print();
    }
    else if(command == 'D' || command == 'd'){
        int IDnumber;
        cout << "Enter Employee ID to delete: " << endl;
        cin >> IDnumber;
        if(mytree.getRoot() != NULL) { // make sure there is a tree to search through
            Employee *x = mytree.find(IDnumber, searchCount, mytree.getRoot());
            if(x->getAddress() != "null"){
                mylist.remove(*x);
                mytree.remove(x->getId());
                cout << "n" << x << "n---------n" << "File Deleted" << endl;
            }
        } else {
            cout << "Tree is empty" << endl;
        }
    }
    else if(command == 'F' || command == 'f'){
        int IDnumber;
        cout << "Enter Employee ID to find: " << endl;
        cin >> IDnumber;
        searchCount = 0;
        if(mytree.getRoot() != NULL) { // make sure there is a tree to search through
            Employee* x = mytree.find(IDnumber, searchCount, mytree.getRoot());
            if(x->getAddress() != "null"){
                    cout << "n" << *x << "n" << endl;
            } else {
                cout << "Employee not found!" << endl;
            }
        } else {
            cout << "Tree is empty" << endl;
        }
    }
    else if(command == 'S' || command == 's'){
        string file;
        cout << "Write Database to File Name: " << endl;
        cin >> file;
        mylist.printToFile(file, mylist);
    }
    else if(command == 'T' || command == 't'){
        mytree.print(mytree.getRoot());
    }
    else if(command == 'R' || command == 'r'){
        //read
        if(mylist.size() > 0) {
            mylist.clear();
            mytree.clearTree(mytree);
        }
        string line;
        string file;
        int intLine;
        cout << "File Name: " << endl;
        cin >> file;
        ifstream myfile(file.c_str());
        if (myfile.is_open())
        {
            getline (myfile,line);
            if(line != "<Records>"){
                cout << "Not a database file." << endl;
            }
            //make sure it's still ok
            while ( myfile.good() )
            {
                getline(myfile, line);
                if(line != "<END>"){
                    Employee* newEmployee = new Employee();
                    for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++){
                        switch (i){
                        case 0:
                            newEmployee->setLastName(line);
                            break;
                        case 1:
                            getline(myfile, line);
                            newEmployee->setFirstName(line);
                            break;
                        case 2:
                            myfile >> intLine;
                            newEmployee->setId(intLine);
                            break;
                        case 3:
                            myfile >> intLine;
                            myfile.get();
                            newEmployee->setSalary(intLine);
                            break;
                        case 4:
                            getline(myfile, line);
                            newEmployee->setDept(line);
                            break;
                        case 5:
                            getline(myfile, line);
                            newEmployee->setPhone(line);
                            break;
                        case 6:
                            getline(myfile, line);
                            newEmployee->setAddress(line);
                            break;
                        case 7:
                            getline(myfile, line);
                            newEmployee->setHireDate(line);
                            break;
                        case 8:
                            getline(myfile, line);
                            newEmployee->setEmail(line);
                            break;
                        case 9:
                            getline(myfile, line);//eat the dashes
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    mylist.insert(*newEmployee);
                    mytree.insert(newEmployee);
                }
                else {
                    myfile.close();
                }
            }
        }
        else cout << "Unable to open file";     
    }
    else if(command == 'Q' || command == 'q'){
        return 0;
    }
    else if(command == 'P' || command == 'p'){
        mylist.print();
    }
}
while(_continue);
return 0;
}



    #include <iostream>
    using namespace std;

    #ifndef _EmployeeClass_
    #define _EmployeeClass_

    class Employee {
    public:
Employee(){
    firstName;
    lastName;
    department;
    email;
    dateHired;
    phoneNumber;
    homeAddress;
    employeeID = 0;
    salary = 0;
    //this->create();
}
Employee(string last, string first, int ID, int _salary, string dept, string phone, 
    string address, string hireDate, string _email){
        lastName = last;
        firstName = first;
        employeeID = ID;
        salary = _salary;
        department = dept;
        phoneNumber = phone;
        homeAddress = address;
        dateHired = hireDate;
        email = _email;
        employeeCount++;
}
void create();
//list of getter functions to return private variables, preventing direct access.
int getId();
int getSalary();
string getFirstName();
string getLastName();
string getDept();
string getHireDate();
string getEmail();
string getAddress();
string getPhone();
friend bool operator!= (Employee &x, Employee &y);
friend bool operator== (Employee &x, Employee &y);  
friend bool operator<= (Employee &x, Employee &y);
friend bool operator>= (Employee &x, Employee &y);
friend bool operator< (Employee &x, Employee &y);
friend bool operator> (Employee &x, Employee &y);
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& output, Employee& x);
void print();
//list of setter functions to set values for the private variables, without allowing direct access.
void setPhone(string phone);
void setId(int ID);
void setSalary(int salary);
void setFirstName(string name);
void setLastName(string surname);
void setDept(string dept);
void setHireDate(string hireDate);
void setEmail(string email);
void setAddress(string address);
    private:
//private member variables dependant on input for each individual object
string firstName;
string lastName;
string department;
string email;
string dateHired;
string homeAddress;
string phoneNumber;
int employeeID;
int salary;
int employeeCount;
    };
    #endif

这是员工类:

    #include <iostream>
    #include "Employee.h"

    #ifndef _SearchTreeNodeClass_
    #define _SearchTreeNodeClass_


    //this class makes a binary search tree of "search tree nodes" which contain 3                         pointers:
    //left: points to left child (value always less than node)
    //right: points to right child (value always greater than node)
    //data: points to an Employee object in memory.
    using namespace std;
    class SearchTreeNode
    {
    private:
SearchTreeNode( Employee* D,SearchTreeNode* L = NULL, SearchTreeNode* R = NULL )    // constructor
{ 
    data = D;
    left = L;  
    right = R; 
};
int         count;
Employee*   data;                           // node data
SearchTreeNode* left;                       // pointer to the left subSearchTree
SearchTreeNode* right;                      // pointer to the right subSearchTree
friend class SearchTree;                // give SearchTree complete access
    };
    #endif
    #ifndef _SearchTreeClass_
    #define _SearchTreeClass_

    using namespace std;
    class SearchTree
    {        
    public:
SearchTree();                           
virtual ~SearchTree();                  
SearchTree( const SearchTree& );        
SearchTree& operator=( SearchTree& );   
SearchTreeNode* getRoot();
SearchTreeNode* find(int, SearchTreeNode*);
Employee* find(int, int, SearchTreeNode* ); 
void insert( Employee* );               
void print();   
void destroy( SearchTreeNode* );        
void print( SearchTreeNode* );
void clearTree( SearchTree& );
void inorder( SearchTreeNode* );
void remove( int x );
    private:
SearchTreeNode* root;                       // pointer to the root of the search SearchTree                     
SearchTreeNode* copy( SearchTreeNode* );
void insert( SearchTreeNode*& root, Employee* );
    };
    #endif

您遇到的问题有很多可能的原因。 我想到的一个问题是,当你在Visual Studio中编译时,你已经设置了包含路径 - 搜索头文件的路径。 也可能您没有在 Visual Studio 中设置它,但在您创建项目并将文件从各个目录添加到项目时,VS 会为您静默设置它。

使用 g++,您必须自己提供包含目录。 (如果您在 Linux 下使用了类似于 Visual Studio 的 IDE,那么这些包含目录将为您设置。 因此,问题不在于Windows和Linux之间的区别,而在于IDE中的开发与使用命令行进行编译之间的区别。

查看 g++ 的手册页。 查看用于添加包含目录的 -I 选项和用于在链接期间搜索库的 -l。 (您很可能需要 -I 选项。

鉴于您在Windows上取得了成功,我怀疑您的源代码有问题。 唯一的另一种可能性是你使用了 Visual Studio 特有的库函数,而 g++ 中没有。

每当您尝试读取或写入无效的内存地址时,都会出现分段错误。这可能有很多原因 - 查看此处的一些示例。

当您无法链接所需的库和/或对象文件时,会发生未定义的引用错误。通过简单地使用g++ main.cpp您既不指定其他源文件,也不指定任何链接所需的库。

就像上面@Ray说的,直接在命令行上编译时,您必须自己提供包含和链接目录,这就是为什么我们通常有一个 Makefile 的原因。使用正确制作的 Makefile 比直接调用编译器更好,因为检查哪些源文件发生了更改,调用编译器来重建所需的文件而不是所有文件(当您的项目很大时,这会有很大的不同!

如果你对Makefiles没有太多经验,我建议你使用CMake。它是一个构建系统,可以为您制作生成文件。好消息是它甚至是多平台的,因此使用相同的CMakeLists.txt文件,您可以为Windows或Linux生成makefile,并且语法非常简单。

如果你告诉我你拥有的所有源文件和你可能使用的最终库,我可以给你一个确切的CMakeLists.txt示例,它应该为你编译所有内容,但它可以是像下面这样简单的东西(基于你的包含,我假设你的源文件将是main.cpp,LinkedSortedList.cpp,LinkedNode.cpp,Employee.cpp和SearchTreeNode.cpp(:

cmake_minimum_required (VERSION 2.6)
project (employee_manager CXX)
set (SOURCES
  main.cpp
  LinkedSortedList.cpp
  LinkedNode.cpp
  Employee.cpp
  SearchTreeNode.cpp
  )
add_executable (employee_manager ${SOURCES})

您应该在源代码目录中创建此文件。要将编译输出与源代码分开,您可以创建一个构建目录,在那里运行 CMake,参考父目录上的 CMakeLists.txt 文件,它将为您构建生成文件。从那里,你只需要调用常规的make来构建你的程序:

mkdir build
cd build
cmake ..
make

这将为您提供employee_manager构建目录的可执行文件。