班级组成及施工顺序

我有两个类，Time和Date，Date由一个Time对象组成。我对时间对象有意见。测试程序（不允许我更改）创建一个时间对象，然后创建一个Date对象并将时间对象作为参数传递。当创建第一个时间对象时，它会正确初始化，但当调用Date对象构造函数时，它不会使用原始时间对象的参数。相反，它创建了一个新的Time对象，并使用我的默认参数（0,0,0），它需要包含在我的Time构造函数和Time类定义中。

我想做的是将提供给Time对象的参数传递给Date构造函数的Time参数，这样Time构造函数就不会使用默认的（0,0,0）参数。我尝试使用对时间对象的引用，但无法使其工作。

这是我的两个类头和测试代码。请注意，测试代码是不允许更改的。我想在创建日期对象时将参数添加到该对象中，但不允许更改代码。

测试代码：

#include <iostream> 
using std::cout; 
using std::endl; 
#include "Time.h" // include Time class definition
#include "Date.h" // include Date class definition
const int MAX_TICKS = 20;
int main()
{
   Time t(23, 59, 58);// create a time object
   Date d(12, 31, 2014, t); // create date object
   // output Time object t's values 
   for ( int ticks = 1; ticks < MAX_TICKS; ++ticks ) 
   {
      d.print(); // invokes print 
      cout << endl;
      d.tick(); // invokes function tick
   } // end for
   d.~Date();// call Date destructor
   system("PAUSE");
   return 0;
} // end main

日期标题：

#ifndef DATE_H
#define DATE_H
#include "Time.h"
class Date 
{
public:
   static const unsigned int monthsPerYear = 12; // months in a year
   Date( int = 1, int = 1, int = 1900, Time = Time()); // default constructor
   ~Date(); // provided to confirm destruction order
   void print() const; // print date in month/day/year format
   void tick();      // function that increments seconds by 1.
   void increaseADay(); // increases the day by one
private:
   unsigned int month; // 1-12 (January-December)
   unsigned int day;  // 1-31 based on month
   unsigned int year; // any year
   Time time;         // private Time object - class composition
   // utility function to check if day is proper for month and year
   unsigned int checkDay( int ); 
}; // end class Date
#endif

时间头：

#ifndef TIME_H
#define TIME_H
// Time class definition
class Time 
{
public:
   explicit Time( int = 0, int = 0, int = 0 ); // default constructor
   ~Time();  // destructor
   // set functions
   void setTime( int, int, int ); // set hour, minute, second
   void setHour( int ); // set hour (after validation)
   void setMinute( int ); // set minute (after validation)
   void setSecond( int ); // set second (after validation)
   // get functions
   unsigned int getHour() const; // return hour
   unsigned int getMinute() const; // return minute
   unsigned int getSecond() const; // return second
   void printUniversal() const; // output time in universal-time format
   void printStandard() const; // output time in standard-time format
private:
   unsigned int hour; // 0 - 23 (24-hour clock format)
   unsigned int minute; // 0 - 59
   unsigned int second; // 0 - 59
}; // end class Time
#endif

日期类实现文件：

// Date class member-function definitions.
#include <array>
#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include "Date.h" // include Date class definition
#include "Time.h" // include the Time class definition
using namespace std;
// constructor confirms proper value for month; calls
// utility function checkDay to confirm proper value for day
Date::Date( int mn, int dy, int yr, Time time)
{
   if ( mn > 0 && mn <= monthsPerYear ) // validate the month
      month = mn;
   else 
      throw invalid_argument( "month must be 1-12" );
   year = yr; // could validate yr
   day = checkDay( dy ); // validate the day
   // output Date object to show when its constructor is called
   cout << "Date object constructor for date ";
   print();                   
   cout << endl;
} // end Date constructor

// print Date object in form month/day/year
void Date::print() const
{
   cout << month << '/' << day << '/' << year; 
   cout << "t";
   time.printStandard();
   cout << "t";
   time.printUniversal();
} // end function print
// output Date object to show when its destructor is called
Date::~Date()
{ 
   cout << "Date object destructor for date ";
   print();
   cout << endl;
} // end ~Date destructor
// function to increment Time by one second
void Date::tick()
{
   int tempSecond = time.getSecond();
   if (tempSecond < 59)
   {
      tempSecond++;
      time.setSecond(tempSecond);
   }
   else if (tempSecond >= 59)
   {
      time.setSecond(0);
      int tempMin = time.getMinute();
      if (tempMin < 59)
      {
         tempMin++;
         time.setMinute(tempMin);
      }
      else if (tempMin >= 59)
      {
         time.setMinute(0);
         int tempHour = time.getHour();
         if (tempHour < 23)
         {
            tempHour++;
            time.setHour(tempHour);
         }
         else if (tempHour >= 23)
         {
            time.setHour(0);
            increaseADay();
         }
      }
   }
}
void Date::increaseADay()
{
   checkDay(++day);
}
// utility function to confirm proper day value based on 
// month and year; handles leap years, too
unsigned int Date::checkDay( int testDay )
{
   static const array< int, monthsPerYear + 1 > daysPerMonth = 
      { 0, 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 };
   // determine whether testDay is valid for specified month
   if ( testDay > 0 && testDay <= daysPerMonth[ month ] )
      return testDay;
   // February 29 check for leap year 
   if ( month == 2 && testDay == 29 && ( year % 400 == 0 || 
      ( year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0 ) ) )
      return testDay;
   if (testDay > daysPerMonth[month])
   {
      month++;
      day = 1;
      if (month > monthsPerYear)
      {
         year++;
         month = 1;
         day = 1;
         return 0;
      }
   }
   throw invalid_argument( "Invalid day for current month and year" );
} // end function checkDay

时间类实现文件

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <stdexcept>
#include "Time.h" // include definition of class Time from Time.h
using namespace std;
// Time constructor initializes each data member 
Time::Time( int hour, int minute, int second ) 
{ 
   cout << "Time object constructor is called ";
   setTime( hour, minute, second ); // validate and set time
   cout << "t";
   printStandard();  // call the print standard function
   cout << "t";
   printUniversal(); // call the print universal function.
   cout << endl;
} // end Time constructor
// Time destructor - calls printStandard and printUniversal
Time::~Time()
{
   // print a message indicating that we are destructing
   cout << "Time object destructor called.";
   // call printStandard and printUniversal functions
   printStandard();
   printUniversal();
} // end Time destructor
// set new Time value using universal time
void Time::setTime( int h, int m, int s )
{
   setHour( h ); // set private field hour
   setMinute( m ); // set private field minute
   setSecond( s ); // set private field second
} // end function setTime
// set hour value
void Time::setHour( int h )
{
   if ( h >= 0 && h < 24 )  // validate the input
      hour = h;
   else                     // throw an error if hour is not valid.
      throw invalid_argument( "hour must be 0-23" );
} // end function setHour
// set minute value
void Time::setMinute( int m )
{
   if ( m >= 0 && m < 60 )  // validate the input
      minute = m; 
   else                     // throw an error if hour is not valid.
      throw invalid_argument( "minute must be 0-59" );
} // end function setMinute
// set second value
void Time::setSecond( int s )
{
   if ( s >= 0 && s < 60 )
      second = s;
   else
      throw invalid_argument( "second must be 0-59" );
} // end function setSecond
// return hour value
unsigned int Time::getHour() const
{
   return hour;
} // end function getHour
// return minute value
unsigned int Time::getMinute() const
{
   return minute;
} // end function getMinute
// return second value
unsigned int Time::getSecond() const
{
   return second;
} // end function getSecond
// print Time in universal-time format (HH:MM:SS)
void Time::printUniversal() const
{
   // set field widths and fill characters to print format "00:00:00"
   // setfill is sticky, setw is not
   cout << setfill( '0' ) << setw( 2 ) << getHour() << ":"
      << setw( 2 ) << getMinute() << ":" << setw( 2 ) << getSecond();
} // end function printUniversal
// print Time in standard-time format (HH:MM:SS AM or PM)
void Time::printStandard() const
{
   // set field widths and fill characters to print format "00:00:00"
   // use the conditional operator to check if time is equal to 0 or 12
   // if so, mod the hour by 12 to put it in 12 hour clock format.
   cout << ( ( getHour() == 0 || getHour() == 12 ) ? 12 : getHour() % 12 )
      << ":" << setfill( '0' ) << setw( 2 ) << getMinute()
      << ":" << setw( 2 ) << getSecond() << ( hour < 12 ? " AM" : " PM" );
} // end function printStandard

如果运行此程序并查看控制台输出的前两行，它将显示打印设置时间的时间构造函数。第二个打印显示如何再次调用时间构造函数，将数据成员设置为00:00:00。这就是我试图避免的。我不明白为什么第二次调用Time构造函数。。。