是什么让迪利布与另一个不同？

What make's a dylib different from another one?

本文关键字：另一个 是什么      更新时间：2023-10-16

我正在多次加载dylib，并试图理解是什么使符号不同。

下面是我的步骤:

  • 构建lib_a。具有以下入口点的Dylib:

    FactoryA : IFActory () {}
extern "C" IFactory* GetFactory () { return new FactoryA(); }
  • lib_a副本。lib_b.dylib

  • 从lib_a加载GetFactory。Dylib和lib_b.dylib

    void * module=dlopen(fileName,RTLD_LAZY);
void * proc = (void *)dlsym(module, "GetFactory");

当加载第二个dylib (lib_b.dylib)时，GetFactory被认为已经被lib_a.dylib定义。
实际上，nm输出具有相同的结果。

但是我认为编译标签-two_level_namespace保证了两个dylib在一种不同的命名空间中，我错了吗?

我该怎么做才能加载我的两个dylib ?

下面是我的测试

myclass.h: 

#include <stdio.h>  
class IFactory {  
public:  
    virtual int GetCount() = 0;  
};  
extern "C"  
{
    extern IFactory* GetFactory ();
}

myclass.cpp 

#include <stdio.h>
#include "myclass.h"
class MyFactory : public IFactory {
public:
    virtual int GetCount() { mCount++; return mCount; }
    static int mCount;
};
int MyFactory::mCount = 0;

IFactory* GetFactory () {
    return new MyFactory;
}

mytest.cpp 

#include <stdio.h>
#include <dlfcn.h>
#include <mach-o/dyld.h>
#include "myclass.h"
typedef IFactory* (*factoryPtr)();
int main()
{  
    void* handleA = dlopen("libmylib.dylib", RTLD_LAZY);
    factoryPtr functionA = (IFactory*(*)())dlsym(handleA, "GetFactory");
    IFactory*  factoryA = (*functionA)();
    fprintf(stderr, "Handle A: %ptFunction A: %pt Count: %dn", handleA, functionA, factoryA->GetCount());
    // Reload same library
    void* handleB = dlopen("libmylib.dylib", RTLD_LAZY);
    factoryPtr functionB = (IFactory*(*)())dlsym(handleB, "GetFactory");
    IFactory*  factoryB = (*functionB)();
    fprintf(stderr, "Handle B: %ptFunction B: %pt Count: %dn", handleB, functionB, factoryB->GetCount());
    // Load copy of first library (just rename)
    void* handleC = dlopen("libmylib_copy.dylib", RTLD_LAZY);
    factoryPtr functionC = (IFactory*(*)())dlsym(handleC, "GetFactory");
    IFactory*  factoryC = (*functionC)();
    fprintf(stderr, "Handle C: %ptFunction C: %pt Count: %dn", handleC, functionC, factoryC->GetCount());
    return 0;
}

命令:

clang++ -dynamiclib myclass.cpp -o libmylib.dylib  
cp libmylib.dylib libmylib_copy.dylib  
clang++ mytest.cpp -o mytest  
./mytest

输出:

Handle A: 0x7fe5dac039b0    Function A: 0x106d49d30  Count: 1    
Handle B: 0x7fe5dac039b0    Function B: 0x106d49d30  Count: 2    
Handle C: 0x7fe5dac03e00    Function C: 0x106d7cd30  Count: 3

为什么我们在结尾处有count = 3 ?

属性-fvisibility=hidden -fvisibility-inlines-hidden允许做同样的事情。

修改myclass.h:

#include <stdio.h>  
#define EXPORT_FACTORY  __attribute__ ((visibility ("default")))
class IFactory {  
public:  
    virtual int GetCount() = 0;  
};   
extern "C"  
{
    extern EXPORT_FACTORY IFactory* GetFactory ();
}
构建:

clang++ -dynamiclib myclass.cpp  -o libmylib.dylib  -fvisibility=hidden -fvisibility-inlines-hidden
cp libmylib.dylib libmylib_copy.dylib
clang++ mytest.cpp -o mytest
./mytest
输出:

Handle A: 0x7fe078c039b0    Function A: 0x1076e1c00  Count: 1
Handle B: 0x7fe078c039b0    Function B: 0x1076e1c00  Count: 2  
Handle C: 0x7fe078c03e20    Function C: 0x107714c00  Count: 1

这里的潜在问题是库中符号的可见性。您可以通过nm -m看到，除了您打算导出的GetFactory函数之外，还有几个外部符号:

$ nm -m libmylib.dylib
0000000000000f30 (__TEXT,__text) external _GetFactory
0000000000001068 (__DATA,__common) external __ZN9MyFactory6mCountE
0000000000000f50 (__TEXT,__text) weak external __ZN9MyFactory8GetCountEv
0000000000001038 (__DATA,__data) weak external __ZTI8IFactory
0000000000001050 (__DATA,__data) weak external __ZTI9MyFactory
0000000000000f91 (__TEXT,__const) weak external __ZTS8IFactory
0000000000000f86 (__TEXT,__const) weak external __ZTS9MyFactory
0000000000001020 (__DATA,__data) weak external __ZTV9MyFactory
                 (undefined) external __ZTVN10__cxxabiv117__class_type_infoE (from libc++)
                 (undefined) external __ZTVN10__cxxabiv120__si_class_type_infoE (from libc++)
                 (undefined) weak external __Znwm (from libc++)
                 (undefined) external dyld_stub_binder (from libSystem)

是标记为weak external的符号导致了你的问题。

使用DYLD_PRINT_BINDINGS=YES运行测试应用程序显示:

$ DYLD_PRINT_BINDINGS=YES ./mytest
[ … output showing initialization of libstdc++.dylib and libmylib.dylib omitted …]
Handle A: 0x7fc729c03810    Function A: 0x102a51ee0  Count: 1
Handle B: 0x7fc729c03810    Function B: 0x102a51ee0  Count: 2
dyld: bind: libmylib_copy.dylib:0x102A85038 = libc++abi.dylib:__ZTVN10__cxxabiv117__class_type_infoE, *0x102A85038 = 0x7FFF7CA67B50 + 16
dyld: bind: libmylib_copy.dylib:0x102A85050 = libc++abi.dylib:__ZTVN10__cxxabiv120__si_class_type_infoE, *0x102A85050 = 0x7FFF7CA67BD0 + 16
dyld: bind: libmylib_copy.dylib:0x102A85018 = libstdc++.6.dylib:__Znwm, *0x102A85018 = 0x7FFF938F0325
dyld: bind: libmylib_copy.dylib:0x102A85000 = libdyld.dylib:dyld_stub_binder, *0x102A85000 = 0x7FFF9084E878
dyld: weak bind: libmylib_copy.dylib:0x102A85030 = libmylib.dylib:__ZN9MyFactory8GetCountEv, *0x102A85030 = 0x102A51F00
dyld: weak bind: libmylib_copy.dylib:0x102A85060 = libmylib.dylib:__ZTI8IFactory, *0x102A85060 = 0x102A52038
dyld: weak bind: libmylib_copy.dylib:0x102A85028 = libmylib.dylib:__ZTI9MyFactory, *0x102A85028 = 0x102A52050
dyld: weak bind: libmylib_copy.dylib:0x102A85040 = libmylib.dylib:__ZTS8IFactory, *0x102A85040 = 0x102A51F41
dyld: weak bind: libmylib_copy.dylib:0x102A85058 = libmylib.dylib:__ZTS9MyFactory, *0x102A85058 = 0x102A51F36
dyld: weak bind: libmylib_copy.dylib:0x102A85010 = libmylib.dylib:__ZTV9MyFactory, *0x102A85010 = 0x102A52020
dyld: weak bind: libmylib_copy.dylib:0x102A85018 = libstdc++.6.dylib:__Znwm, *0x102A85018 = 0x7FFF938F0325
Handle C: 0x7fc729c03c20    Function C: 0x102a84ee0  Count: 3

如果你看一下weak bind行，你会发现我们之前看到的标记为weak external的符号被解析为libmylib.dylib中同名的符号。我相信这种行为与c++的单一定义规则有关("每个程序应该只包含该程序中使用的每个非内联函数或对象的一个定义")。由于您的程序中有相同的非内联函数的多个定义，因此链接器试图在加载时合并符号，因此只使用单个函数。

这里的最佳解决方案是每个库将其符号放置在不同的命名空间中。由于您打算只导出C工厂函数，因此使用匿名名称空间就足够了。这也有将其余符号标记为非外部的效果，这可能有利于库加载时间。

或者，你可以通过只导出你的库的客户端需要的符号来欺骗一点单一定义规则:

$ clang++ -Wl,-exported_symbol -Wl,_GetFactory -dynamiclib myclass.cpp -o libmylib.dylib
$ cp libmylib.dylib libmylib_copy.dylib  
$ ./mytest
Handle A: 0x7fc593403910    Function A: 0x1009e4e90  Count: 1
Handle B: 0x7fc593403910    Function B: 0x1009e4e90  Count: 2
Handle C: 0x7fc593403b10    Function C: 0x1009e7e90  Count: 1

这将导致我们之前看到的weak external符号被标记为私有，因此它们将只解析同一图像中的符号。

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