在clang中使用std::async的模板函数

Template function with std::async in clang

本文关键字:async 函数 std clang      更新时间:2023-10-16

我在这里查看std::async的示例,如下所示:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <numeric>
#include <future>
template <typename RAIter>
int parallel_sum(RAIter beg, RAIter end)
{
    auto len = std::distance(beg, end);
    if(len < 1000)
        return std::accumulate(beg, end, 0);
    RAIter mid = beg + len/2;
    auto handle = std::async(std::launch::async,
                              parallel_sum<RAIter>, mid, end);
    int sum = parallel_sum(beg, mid);
    return sum + handle.get();
}
int main()
{
    std::vector<int> v(10000, 1);
    std::cout << "The sum is " << parallel_sum(v.begin(), v.end()) << 'n';
}

我尝试用Clang 3.4的web编译器编译它,结果输出The sum is而不是预期的The sum is 1000

我复制了这个例子并在Ubuntu 14.04.1 64位上使用clang 3.5-1ubuntu1/gcc 4.8编译,使用以下命令:

clang++ -g main.cpp -std=c++1y -o out -pthread;

我得到以下错误:

main.cpp:15:19: error: no matching function for call to 'async'
    auto handle = std::async(std::launch::async,
                  ^~~~~~~~~~
main.cpp:24:35: note: in instantiation of function template specialization
      'parallel_sum<__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *, std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> >
      > >' requested here
    std::cout << "The sum is " << parallel_sum(v.begin(), v.end()) << 'n';
                                  ^
/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/../../../../include/c++/4.8/future:1523:5: note: 
      candidate template ignored: substitution failure [with _Fn = int
      (__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *, std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > >,
      __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *, std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > >), _Args =
      <__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *, std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > > &,
      __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *, std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > > &>]:
      function cannot return function type 'int (__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *,
      std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *,
      std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > >)'
    async(launch __policy, _Fn&& __fn, _Args&&... __args)
    ^
/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/../../../../include/c++/4.8/future:1543:5: note: 
      candidate template ignored: substitution failure [with _Fn = std::launch, _Args = <int
      (__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *, std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > >,
      __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *, std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > >),
      __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *, std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > > &,
      __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *, std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > > &>]: no
      type named 'type' in 'std::result_of<std::launch (int
      (*)(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *, std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > >,
      __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *, std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > >),
      __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *, std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > > &,
      __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *, std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > > &)>'
    async(_Fn&& __fn, _Args&&... __args)
    ^
1 error generated.
make: *** [all] Error 1

这是clang, gcc, libstdc++中的错误,还是我错过了什么?

我认为这是clang++的一个bug。除非有我不知道的奇怪限制规则,引用函数的id表达式是左值。然而,clang++在推导通用引用时区分了函数模板特化和普通函数:

#include <iostream>
template<class T>
void print_type()
{
    std::cout << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ << "n";
}
template <class T>
int foo(bool) { return 42; }
int bar(bool) { return 42; }
template<class T>
void deduce(T&&)
{
    print_type<T>();
}
int main()
{
    deduce(foo<bool>);
    deduce(bar);
}

clang++的输出,包括早期的3.5版本:

<>之前void print_type() [T = int (bool)]void print_type() [T = int (&)(bool)]之前

生活例子


std::result_of在libstdc++的std::async实现中用于获取函数的返回类型(从这里的片段):

template<typename _Fn, typename... _Args>
future<typename result_of<_Fn(_Args...)>::type>
async(launch __policy, _Fn&& __fn, _Args&&... __args)

如果传递foo<bool>作为第二个参数,clang++会推导出_Fn == int (bool)

函数(对象)的类型与result_of的参数类型相结合。这可能是c++ 03遗留下来的,在那里我们还没有可变模板。传递参数类型是为了允许result_of解析重载函数,就像在_Fn是类类型的情况下解析重载的operator()一样。

但是,如果_Fn不是推导为函数引用,而是推导为函数类型,则_Fn(_Args...)的组合形成了一个非法类型:函数返回函数:

<>之前_Fn == int(bool)_Args……= = bool==> _Fn(_Args…)== int(bool)(bool)之前

但还有更多:上述async的申报有缺陷,见LWG 2021。Howard Hinnant将libc++中的声明更改为:

template <class F, class... Args>
future < typename result_of<
             typename decay<F>::type(typename decay<Args>::type...)
         >::type
       >
async(launch policy, F&& f, Args&&... args);

so libc++将函数衰减为函数指针。缺少左值引用导致的问题消失。