C++98/03 std::is_constructible implementation

C++98/03 std::is_constructible implementation

本文关键字:constructible implementation is C++98 std      更新时间:2023-10-16

我的爱好库的基本组件必须与c++ 98和c++ 11编译器一起工作。为了学习和享受自己,我创建了几个类型支持功能的c++ 98实现(如enable_if, conditional, is_same, is_integral等. ...),以便在没有c++ 11支持时使用它们。

然而,当我实现is_constructible我卡住了。是否有任何类型的模板魔术(某种SFINAE),我可以实现它没有c++ 11的支持(declval)?

当然在c++ 03中没有可变模板支持,所以我将专门研究实现直到一些深度。主要的问题是,是否有一种技术可以决定T是否可以从给定的类型构造。

这是可能的:

#include <iostream>
template<typename T, T Val>
struct integral_constant {
    typedef integral_constant type;
    typedef T value_type;
    enum {
        value = Val
    };
};
typedef integral_constant<bool, true> true_type;
typedef integral_constant<bool, false> false_type;
template<typename T>
struct remove_ref {
    typedef T type;
};
template<typename T>
struct remove_ref<T&> {
    typedef T type;
};
// is_base_of from https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2910979/how-does-is-base-of-work
namespace aux {
    typedef char yes[1];
    typedef char no[2];
    template <typename B, typename D>
    struct Host
    {
        operator B*() const;
        operator D*();
    };
}
template <typename B, typename D>
struct is_base_of
{
  template <typename T> 
  static aux::yes& check(D*, T);
  static aux::no& check(B*, int);
  static const bool value = sizeof(check(aux::Host<B,D>(), int())) == sizeof(aux::yes);
};
template<typename T>
struct remove_cv {
    typedef T type;
};
template<typename T>
struct remove_cv<const T> {
    typedef T type;
};
template<typename T>
struct remove_cv<volatile T> {
    typedef T type;
};
template<typename T>
struct remove_cv<const volatile T> {
    typedef T type;
};
template<typename T>
struct is_void : integral_constant<bool, false> {};
template<>
struct is_void<void> : integral_constant<bool, true> {};
template<class T>
struct type_identity {
    // Used to work around Visual C++ 2008's spurious error: "a function-style conversion to a built-in type can only take one argument"
    typedef T type;
};
template <bool, typename T, typename>
struct conditional {
    typedef T type;
};
template <typename T, typename U>
struct conditional<false, T, U> {
    typedef U type;
};

namespace aux {
template<typename T, typename U>
struct is_more_const : integral_constant<bool, false> {};
template<typename T, typename U>
struct is_more_const<const T, U> : integral_constant<bool, true> {};
template<typename T, typename U>
struct is_more_const<const T, const U> : integral_constant<bool, false> {};
template<typename T, typename U>
struct is_more_volatile : integral_constant<bool, false> {};
template<typename T, typename U>
struct is_more_volatile<volatile T, U> : integral_constant<bool, true> {};
template<typename T, typename U>
struct is_more_volatile<volatile T, volatile U> : integral_constant<bool, false> {};
template<typename T, typename U>
struct is_more_cv : integral_constant<bool, is_more_const<T,U>::value && is_more_volatile<T,U>::value> {};

    template<typename T>
    struct is_default_constructible {
        template<typename U>
        static yes& test(int(*)[sizeof(new U)]);
        template<typename U>
        static no& test(...);
        enum {
            value = sizeof(test<T>(0)) == sizeof(yes)
        };
    };    
    template<typename T, typename Arg>
    struct is_constructible_1 {
        template<typename U, typename Arg_>
        static yes& test(int(*)[sizeof(typename type_identity<U>::type(static_cast<Arg_>(*((typename remove_ref<Arg_>::type*)0))))]);
        template<typename U, typename Arg_>
        static no& test(...);
        enum {
            value = sizeof(test<T, Arg>(0)) == sizeof(yes)
        };
    };   
    // Base pointer construct from Derived Pointer
    template<typename T, typename U>
    struct is_constructible_1<T*, U*>
        : conditional<
            is_void<typename remove_cv<T>::type>::value,
            integral_constant<bool, true>,
            typename conditional<
                is_void<typename remove_cv<U>::type>::value,
                integral_constant<bool, false>,
                typename conditional<
                    is_more_cv<T, U>::value,
                    integral_constant<bool, false>,
                    is_base_of<T,U>
                >::type
            >::type
        >::type
    {};
    // Base pointer construct from Derived Pointer
    template<typename T, typename U>
    struct is_constructible_1<T&, U&>
        : conditional<
            is_more_cv<T, U>::value,
            integral_constant<bool, false>,
            is_base_of<T,U>
        >::type
    {};

    template<typename T, typename Arg1, typename Arg2>
    struct is_constructible_2 {
        template<typename U, typename Arg1_, typename Arg2_>
        static yes& test(int(*)[
            sizeof(typename type_identity<U>::type(
                static_cast<Arg1_>(*((typename remove_ref<Arg1_>::type*)0)),
                static_cast<Arg2_>(*((typename remove_ref<Arg2_>::type*)0))
                ))
            ]);
        template<typename U, typename Arg1_, typename Arg2_>
        static no& test(...);
        enum {
            value = sizeof(test<T, Arg1, Arg2>(0)) == sizeof(yes)
        };
    };
}
template<typename T, typename Arg1 = void, typename Arg2 = void>
struct is_constructible : integral_constant<bool, aux::is_constructible_2<T, Arg1, Arg2>::value> {
};
template<typename T, typename Arg>
struct is_constructible<T, Arg> : integral_constant<bool, aux::is_constructible_1<T, Arg>::value> {
};
template<typename T>
struct is_constructible<T> : integral_constant<bool, aux::is_default_constructible<T>::value> {
};
struct Foo {};
struct fuzz_explicit {};
struct fuzz_implicit {};
struct Fuzz {
    explicit Fuzz(fuzz_explicit);
    Fuzz(fuzz_implicit);
};
struct buzz_explicit {};
struct buzz_implicit {};
struct Buzz {
    explicit Buzz(buzz_explicit);
    Buzz(buzz_implicit);
};
struct Bar {
    Bar(int);
    Bar(int, double&);
    Bar(Fuzz);
    explicit Bar(Buzz);
};
struct Base {};
struct Derived : Base {};
#define TEST(X) std::cout << #X << X << 'n'
int main() {
    TEST((is_constructible<Foo>::value));
    TEST((is_constructible<Bar>::value));
    TEST((is_constructible<Foo, int>::value));
    TEST((is_constructible<Bar, int>::value));
    TEST((is_constructible<Foo, const Foo&>::value));
    TEST((is_constructible<Bar, Bar>::value));
    TEST((is_constructible<Bar, int, double>::value));
    TEST((is_constructible<Bar, int, double&>::value));
    TEST((is_constructible<Bar, int, const double&>::value));
    TEST((is_constructible<int*, void*>::value));
    TEST((is_constructible<void*, int*>::value));
    TEST((is_constructible<Base&, Derived&>::value));
    TEST((is_constructible<Derived*, Base*>::value));
    // via Fuzz
    TEST((is_constructible<Bar, fuzz_explicit>::value));
    TEST((is_constructible<Bar, fuzz_implicit>::value));
    // via Buzz
    TEST((is_constructible<Bar, buzz_explicit>::value));
    TEST((is_constructible<Bar, buzz_implicit>::value));
    // integer promotion
    TEST((is_constructible<Bar, char>::value));
    // integer conversion
    TEST((is_constructible<Bar, unsigned long>::value));
}

可以将2参数版本扩展为3,4,5,…

现场演示


这适用于g++ 4.4.7

不支持g++ 4.3.6

我觉得Danh的主意很棒!稍加修改,我们就可以去掉operator new。(我有一个c++ 98 enable_if和remove_reference实现)。上面提到的int*, void*的情况也适用于这个实现。不需要新的操作员。只有旧的g++支持保留…

/********** std::remove_cv replacement **********/
template< typename T >
struct remove_const
{
    typedef T type;
};
template< typename T >
struct remove_const< const T >
{
    typedef T type;
};

template< typename T >
struct remove_volatile
{
    typedef T type;
};
template< typename T >
struct remove_volatile< volatile T >
{
    typedef T type;
};

template< typename T >
struct remove_cv
{
    typedef typename remove_volatile< typename remove_const< T >::type >::type type;
};

/********** std::is_pointer replacement *********/
template< typename T >
struct is_pointer_helper
{
    static const bool value = false;
};
template< typename T >
struct is_pointer_helper< T* >
{
    static const bool value = true;
};
template< typename T >
struct is_pointer
{
    static const bool value = is_pointer_helper< typename remove_cv< T >::type >::value;
};

/********** std::enable_if replacement **********/
template< bool CONDITION, typename TYPE = void >
struct enable_if
{
};
template< typename TYPE >
struct enable_if< true, TYPE >
{
    typedef TYPE type;
};

/****** std::remove_reference replacement *******/
template< typename T >
struct remove_reference
{
    typedef T type;
};
template< typename T >
struct remove_reference< T& >
{
    typedef T type;
};

/******* std::is_constructible replacement ******/
template< typename T, typename AT_1 = void, typename AT_2 = void, typename AT_3 = void, typename AT_4 = void >
class is_constructible_impl
{
private:
    template< typename C_T, typename C_AT_1, typename C_AT_2, typename C_AT_3, typename C_AT_4 >
    static bool test(
        typename c_std::enable_if<
            sizeof( C_T ) ==
            sizeof( C_T(
                static_cast< C_AT_1 >( *static_cast< typename c_std::remove_reference< C_AT_1 >::type* >( NULL ) ),
                static_cast< C_AT_2 >( *static_cast< typename c_std::remove_reference< C_AT_2 >::type* >( NULL ) ),
                static_cast< C_AT_3 >( *static_cast< typename c_std::remove_reference< C_AT_3 >::type* >( NULL ) ),
                static_cast< C_AT_4 >( *static_cast< typename c_std::remove_reference< C_AT_4 >::type* >( NULL ) )
            ) )
        >::type*
    );
    template< typename, typename, typename, typename, typename >
    static int test( ... );
public:
    static const bool value = ( sizeof( test< T, AT_1, AT_2, AT_3, AT_4 >( NULL ) ) == sizeof( bool ) );
};
template< typename T, typename AT_1, typename AT_2, typename AT_3 >
class is_constructible_impl< T, AT_1, AT_2, AT_3, void >
{
private:
    template< typename C_T, typename C_AT_1, typename C_AT_2, typename C_AT_3 >
    static bool test(
        typename c_std::enable_if<
            sizeof( C_T ) ==
            sizeof( C_T(
                static_cast< C_AT_1 >( *static_cast< typename c_std::remove_reference< C_AT_1 >::type* >( NULL ) ),
                static_cast< C_AT_2 >( *static_cast< typename c_std::remove_reference< C_AT_2 >::type* >( NULL ) ),
                static_cast< C_AT_3 >( *static_cast< typename c_std::remove_reference< C_AT_3 >::type* >( NULL ) )
            ) )
        >::type*
    );
    template< typename, typename, typename, typename >
    static int test( ... );
public:
    static const bool value = ( sizeof( test< T, AT_1, AT_2, AT_3 >( NULL ) ) == sizeof( bool ) );
};
template< typename T, typename AT_1, typename AT_2 >
class is_constructible_impl< T, AT_1, AT_2, void, void >
{
private:
    template< typename C_T, typename C_AT_1, typename C_AT_2 >
    static bool test(
        typename c_std::enable_if<
            sizeof( C_T ) ==
            sizeof( C_T(
                static_cast< C_AT_1 >( *static_cast< typename c_std::remove_reference< C_AT_1 >::type* >( NULL ) ),
                static_cast< C_AT_2 >( *static_cast< typename c_std::remove_reference< C_AT_2 >::type* >( NULL ) )
            ) )
        >::type*
    );
    template< typename, typename, typename >
    static int test( ... );
public:
    static const bool value = ( sizeof( test< T, AT_1, AT_2 >( NULL ) ) == sizeof( bool ) );
};
template< typename T, typename AT_1 >
class is_constructible_impl< T, AT_1, void, void, void >
{
private:
    template< typename C_T, typename C_AT_1 >
    static bool test(
        typename c_std::enable_if<
            sizeof( C_T ) ==
            sizeof( C_T(
                static_cast< C_AT_1 >( *static_cast< typename c_std::remove_reference< C_AT_1 >::type* >( NULL ) )
            ) )
        >::type*
    );
    template< typename, typename >
    static int test( ... );
public:
    static const bool value = ( sizeof( test< T, AT_1 >( NULL ) ) == sizeof( bool ) );
};
template< typename T >
class is_constructible_impl< T, void, void, void, void >
{
private:
    template< typename C_T >
    static C_T testFun( C_T );
    template< typename C_T >
    static bool test( typename c_std::enable_if< sizeof( C_T ) == sizeof( testFun( C_T() ) ) >::type* );
    template< typename >
    static int test( ... );
public:
    static const bool value = ( sizeof( test< T >( NULL ) ) == sizeof( bool ) );
};
template< typename T, typename AT_1 = void, typename AT_2 = void, typename AT_3 = void, typename AT_4 = void >
class is_constructible_impl_ptr
{
public:
    static const bool value = false;
};
template< typename T, typename AT_1 >
class is_constructible_impl_ptr< T, AT_1, typename enable_if< is_pointer< typename remove_reference< T >::type >::value, void >::type, void, void >
{
private:
    template< typename C_T >
    static bool test( C_T );
    template< typename >
    static int test( ... );
public:
    static const bool value = ( sizeof( test< T >( static_cast< AT_1 >( NULL ) ) ) == sizeof( bool ) );
};
template< typename T >
class is_constructible_impl_ptr< T, void, void, void, void >
{
public:
    static const bool value = true;
};
template< typename T, typename AT_1 = void, typename AT_2 = void, typename AT_3 = void, typename AT_4 = void >
class is_constructible
{
public:
    static const bool value = (
        is_pointer< typename remove_reference< T >::type >::value ?
            is_constructible_impl_ptr< T, AT_1, AT_2, AT_3, AT_4 >::value :
            is_constructible_impl< T, AT_1, AT_2, AT_3, AT_4 >::value
    );
};

要实现完全符合 is_constructible,编译器的支持是必要的。问题不在于可变模板模拟选择习惯用法(sizeof over decltype)

实际上在gcc 8.x(4. x)之前。x到7.x), is_constructible<To, From>上有一个bug,因为它完全是由库代码实现的。当To是引用类型(即:T&T&&)。这同样适用于clang libc++的库版本__libcpp_is_constructible<To, From>,但clang从支持c++11开始就有了对__is_constructible()的编译器支持,所以这从来都不是一个真正的问题。

不符合的情况是,在构造引用时,clang(libc++)和gcc(libstdc++)使用的纯库实现使用SFINAE检查static_cast<To>(declval<From>())是否格式良好。但是在两种情况下,您必须显式地使用cast而不是初始化语法(即:T t(args...)):

  1. 当从基类的引用强制转换为派生类的引用时:
    static_cast<Derived&>(declval<Base&>())是有效的,但你必须总是显式地使用cast,即Base& bref; Derived& dref = bref;不起作用,你必须使用Derived& dref = static_cast<Derived&>(bref)
  2. 当从左值引用转换为右值引用时:
    static_cast<A&&>(declval<A&>())是有效的(您熟悉的std::move()),但您必须始终显式地使用cast,即A& lref; A&& ref = lref;不起作用,您必须使用A&& ref = static_cast<A&&>(lref);(即A&& ref = std::move(lref);)

为了解决这种误报,除了SFINAE转换检查外,在libc++和libstdc++中已经存在额外的检查,以确保强制转换不是上述两种情况。

但这引入了一个新问题:如果存在用户定义的(显式)转换,则__is_constructible()是有效的。但是当转换也是上述情况之一时,就会发生假阴性。

例如,下面的代码演示了从基到派生引用的转换场景。convert Base& to D1&D2&需要显式转换,但是,也有一个用户定义的显式转换,将Base(&)转换为D1&。因此,is_constructible<D1&, Base&>::value的计算结果为真,而is_constructible<D2&, Base&>::value的计算结果为假。
struct D1;
struct D2;
struct Base {
    explicit operator D1&();
};
struct D1 : Base {
    D1(const D1&) = delete;
};
struct D2 : Base {};
int BtoD1() { // should be true
    return std::is_constructible<D1&, Base&>::value;
}
int BtoD2() { // should be false
    return std::is_constructible<D2&, Base&>::value;
}

但是标准库实现都报告为false。戈德波特·林克,你自己试试吧。您可以在clang/gcc(<7)/gcc(>=8)之间切换,看看结果是如何变化的。

上面的答案太棒了。但是,对于新手来说可能很难理解

这是一个非常简单的解决方案,尽管它牺牲了大部分可移植性。

#include <cctype>
template<typename T>
struct is_default_constructible {
    template<typename U>
        static int8_t test(int(*)[sizeof(new U)]);
    template<typename U>
        static int16_t test(...);
    enum {
        value = sizeof(test<T>(0)) == 1
    };
};

这是一个演示

class Test1 {
public:
    Test1() = delete;
};
class Test2 {
public:
    Test2();
};
int main() {
    std::cout << is_default_constructible<Test1>::value
        << is_default_constructible<Test2>::value;
}