c++ /Debugging (AIX上的c++)导致分段错误的递归快速排序

C++/Debugging (g++ on AIX) Recursive Quicksort Causing Segmentation Faults

本文关键字:c++ 分段 错误 快速排序 递归 Debugging AIX 上的      更新时间:2023-10-16

我有一个程序,我需要对大量的大型数字分布进行排序。为了减少执行此操作所需的时间,我正在尝试将此多线程化。

我写了一个小的,简单的程序抽象,试图隔离问题。我相信我遇到了堆栈溢出,或者达到了操作系统的堆栈限制,因为我的测试程序在以下情况下反映了分段错误问题:

  • 分布都是相同的值(意味着qsort将像垃圾一样运行)
  • 线程被启用

猫叫

#include <boost/thread/thread.hpp>
#include <vector>
#include <stdlib.h> // for rand()
void swapvals(double *distribution, const size_t &d1, const size_t &d2)
{
    double temp = 0;
    temp = distribution[d2];
    distribution[d2] = distribution[d1];
    distribution[d1] = temp;
    //std::swap(distribution[d1], distribution[d2]);
}
size_t partition(double *distribution,  size_t left, size_t right)
{
        const double pivot = distribution[right];
        while (left < right) {
                while ((left < right) && distribution[left] <= pivot)
                        left++;
                while ((left < right) && distribution[right] > pivot)
                        right--;
                if (left < right)
                {
                        swapvals(distribution, left, right);
                }
        }
        return right;
}
void quickSort(double *distribution, const size_t left, const size_t right)
{
        if (left >= right) {
                return;
        }
        size_t part = partition(distribution, left, right);
        quickSort(distribution, left, part - 1);
        quickSort(distribution, part + 1, right);
}
void processDistribution(double *distributions, const size_t distribution_size)
{
       std::clog << "beginning qsorting." << std::endl;
       quickSort(distributions, 0, distribution_size - 1);
       std::clog << "done qsorting." << std::endl;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
    size_t distribution_size = 65000;
    size_t num_distributions = 10;
    std::vector<double *> distributions;
    // Create num_distributions distributions.
    for (int i = 0; i < num_distributions; i++)
    {
        double * new_dist = new double[distribution_size];
        for (int k = 0; k < distribution_size; k++)
        {
            // Works when I have actual numbers in the distributions.
            // Seg faults when all the numbers are the same.
            new_dist[k] =1;
            //new_dist[k] = rand() % 1000 + 1; // uncomment this, and it works.
        }
        distributions.push_back(new_dist);
    }
    // Submit each distribution to a quicksort thread.
    boost::thread_group threads;
    for (std::vector<double *>::const_iterator it=distributions.begin(); it != distributions.end(); ++it)
    {
         // It works when I run processDistribution directly. Segfaults when I run it via threads.
         //processDistribution(*it, distribution_size);
         threads.create_thread(boost::bind(&processDistribution, *it, distribution_size)); 
    }
    threads.join_all();
    // Show the results of the sort for all the distributions.
    for (std::vector<double *>::const_iterator it=distributions.begin(); it != distributions.end(); ++it)
    {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < distribution_size; i++)
        {
            // print first and last 20 results.
            if (i < 20 || i > (distribution_size - 20))
                std::cout << (*it)[i] << ",";
        }
        std::cout << std::endl;
    }
}

核心文件的GDB分析结果:

Error in re-setting breakpoint -1: aix-thread: ptrace (52, 18220265) returned -1 (errno = 3 The process does not exist.)
Error in re-setting breakpoint -1: aix-thread: ptrace (52, 18220265) returned -1 (errno = 3 The process does not exist.)
Error in re-setting breakpoint -2: aix-thread: ptrace (52, 18220265) returned -1 (errno = 3 The process does not exist.)
Error in re-setting breakpoint -3: aix-thread: ptrace (52, 18220265) returned -1 (errno = 3 The process does not exist.)
Core was generated by `testthreads'.
Program terminated with signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
#0  0x00000001000056bc in partition (distribution=0x1101d1430, left=0, right=63626) at testthreads.cpp:18
warning: Source file is more recent than executable.
18
(gdb) bt 7
#0  0x00000001000056bc in partition (distribution=0x1101d1430, left=0, right=63626) at testthreads.cpp:18
#1  0x0000000100005834 in quickSort (distribution=0x1101d1430, left=0, right=63626) at testthreads.cpp:42
#2  0x0000000100005850 in quickSort (distribution=0x1101d1430, left=0, right=63627) at testthreads.cpp:43
#3  0x0000000100005850 in quickSort (distribution=0x1101d1430, left=0, right=63628) at testthreads.cpp:43
#4  0x0000000100005850 in quickSort (distribution=0x1101d1430, left=0, right=63629) at testthreads.cpp:43
#5  0x0000000100005850 in quickSort (distribution=0x1101d1430, left=0, right=63630) at testthreads.cpp:43
#6  0x0000000100005850 in quickSort (distribution=0x1101d1430, left=0, right=63631) at testthreads.cpp:43
(More stack frames follow...)
(gdb) frame 0
#0  0x00000001000056bc in partition (distribution=0x1101d1430, left=0, right=63626) at testthreads.cpp:18
18
(gdb) info locals
pivot = 1
(gdb) info args
distribution = 0x1101d1430
left = 0
right = 63626
(gdb)

同样,我的实际程序处理更多的线程和发行版。那里的GDB检查经常显示更奇怪的堆栈跟踪,看起来像内存损坏(注意如何在d1 = 12119时调用swapVals,但在分区堆栈帧中它以4568618016的形式出现):

(gdb) bt 3
#0  0x00000001002aa0b8 in ScenRankReplacer<double>::swapvals (this=0xfffffffffffdfc8, distribution=..., d1=@0x1104c8178: 4568618016, d2=@0x1104c8140: 4568416720, ranking_values=0x1104c81d0,
    r1=@0x1104c8170: 1152921504606838728, r2=@0x1002a16c8: 6917529029728344952) at ScenRankReplacer.h:96
#1  0x00000001002a7120 in ScenRankReplacer<double>::partition (this=0xfffffffffffdfc8, distribution=..., ranking_values=0x11069ae50, left=1, right=24237) at ScenRankReplacer.h:122
#2  0x00000001002a16c8 in ScenRankReplacer<double>::quickSort (this=0xfffffffffffdfc8, distribution=..., ranking_values=0x11069ae50, left=1, right=24237) at ScenRankReplacer.h:91
(More stack frames follow...)
(gdb) frame 1
#1  0x00000001002a7120 in ScenRankReplacer<double>::partition (this=0xfffffffffffdfc8, distribution=..., ranking_values=0x11069ae50, left=1, right=24237) at ScenRankReplacer.h:122
122             swapvals(distribution, mid, left, ranking_values, mid - 1, left - 1);
(gdb) p mid
$1 = 12119
(gdb) p left
$2 = 1

所以…我的问题:

  1. 我说的对吗?我达到堆栈限制了吗?
  2. 我究竟如何确定这是事实(除了我上面所做的推论)?有没有一种简单的方法来检测这些?GDB的线索还是什么?
  3. 为什么线程很重要?所有线程共享相同的内容吗堆栈限制?
  4. 最重要的:我如何得到这个工作?是一个在海量数据集上进行递归快速排序是不可行的?

编译级别为O2时发生错误。线程模型:aixgcc version 4.8.3 (gcc)

这看起来可能与堆栈空间有关。线程很重要,因为虽然所有线程都有自己的堆栈,但这些堆栈都共享相同的内存池。堆栈通常会根据需要增长,直到它们运行到已经使用的内存中,在这种情况下,可能是来自另一个线程的堆栈。单线程程序不会有这个问题,并且可以增加它的堆栈。(也有多个线程,你做多个排序在同一时间,这将需要更多的堆栈空间。)

解决这个问题的一种方法是删除递归,并使用一些循环和本地存储来替换它。类似这样的代码(未编译或已测试):
void quickSort(double *distribution, size_t left, size_t right) {
    std::vector<std::pair<size_t, size_t>> ranges;
    for (;;) {
        for (;;) {
            if (left <= right)
                break;
            size_t part = partition(distribution, left, right);
            // save range for later to replace the second recursive call
            ranges.push_back(std::make_pair(part + 1, right));
            // set right == part - 1, then loop, to replace the first recursive call
            right = part - 1;
        }
        if (ranges.empty())
            break;
        // Take top off of ranges for the next loop, replacing the second recursive call
        left = ranges.back().first;
        right = ranges.back().second;
        ranges.pop_back();
    }
}

经过一番折腾,我终于找到了问题的答案。

  1. 我对吗?我达到堆栈限制了吗?我到底该怎么做确定事实是这样的(而不是我所做的推论)以上)?和

  2. 是否有一种简单的方法来检测这些?一个GDB线索或什么东西吗?

: 是的。程序溢出了堆栈。我无法确定一种直接的方法来确定AIX上就是这种情况。然而,当我将代码放入Windows上的visual studio 2015并运行它时,程序崩溃了,并出现了一个明确的"Stack Overflow"错误。

我希望有一种方法可以在AIX上得到一个明确的"堆栈溢出"错误,类似于VS的结果。我找不到办法。即使使用-fstack-check编译也没有给我一个存储错误:(

  • 为什么线程很重要?所有线程都共享吗相同的堆栈限制?
  • A: AIX上线程的默认堆栈大小非常小!

    摘自IBM developerworks博客文章:

    对于AIX上的32位编译应用程序,默认的pthread堆栈大小是96 KB;对于AIX上的64位编译应用程序,

  • 最重要的:我如何得到这个工作?!是在海量数据集上进行递归快速排序是不可行的吗?
  • 我只能想到两种方法:A1:第一种方法是增加堆栈大小。

    摘自IBM线程调试指南线程的最小堆栈大小是96KB。它也是默认的堆栈大小。这个数字可以在编译时使用pthread.h头文件中定义的PTHREAD_STACK_MIN符号常量来检索。

    请注意,最大堆栈大小为256MB,即一个段的大小。这个限制由pthread.h头文件中的PTHREAD_STACK_MAX符号常量表示。

    因此可以将堆栈大小增加到最大256MB,这是相当大的。

    A2:另一种方法是简单地避免潜在的未绑定递归。我的数据集非常大。可能不足以花费256MB的堆栈,但是迭代地重写快速排序函数是相当简单的。

    void quickSort_iter(double *distribution, size_t left, size_t right)
    {
            if (left >= right)
                    return;
            std::stack<std::pair<size_t, size_t> > partition_stack;
            partition_stack.push(std::pair<size_t, size_t>(left, right));
            while (!partition_stack.empty())
            {
                    left = partition_stack.top().first;
                    right = partition_stack.top().second;
                    partition_stack.pop();
                    size_t pivot = partition(distribution, left, right);
                    if (pivot > 1)
                            partition_stack.push(std::pair<size_t, size_t>(left, pivot - 1));
                    if (pivot + 1 < right)
                            partition_stack.push(std::pair<size_t, size_t>(pivot + 1, right));
            }
    }
    

    std::stack是使用默认的std::allocator创建的,因此它在内部使用堆分配来存储排序分区的堆栈,因此不会与堆栈限制发生冲突。