通过C++中的引用声明传递

Pass by reference declarations in C++

本文关键字:声明 引用 C++ 通过      更新时间:2023-10-16

我想确定我对一些基本C++参考原则的理解是否正确。据我了解,声明;

void foo(string &arg); //Means get the memory reference of passed argument
{
  cout << arg;        
}  
string arg;
string& arg1; //Means pass the memory reference of arg

我说的对吗?

编辑

区别在于&限定符适用于什么:类型,还是变量?

假设您有一个类型 T .

对于声明/参数(&是类型限定符(:

T v1 = 13 ;    // v1 is a variable of type T, whose value is 13
T v2 = 42 ;    // v2 is another variable of type T, whose value is 42
T * v3 ;       // v3 is an uninitialized pointer to a variable of type T
T * v4 = &v1;  // v4 is pointer pointing to v1 (the value of v4 is the
               // address of v1)
T & v5 = v1 ;  // v5 is an alias of v1
T & v6 ;       // WON'T COMPILE. An alias MUST be initialized.

对于操作(&是运算符(:

&v1 ;    // returns the address of v1 (e.g. 0x00ABCDEF)
v4 ;     // returns 0x00ABCDEF (because v4 was initialized to point to
         // v1)
*v4 ;    // returns the dereferenced value of pointer v4, that is: 13
v5 ;     // returns the value inside v1 (the aliased variable of v5),
         // that is: 13

我们现在可以混合使用这两种符号:

// We can reattribute the variables pointed by pointers
T * v7 = &v1 ; // v7 is a pointer to the variable v1
*v7 ;          // returns v1's value, that is 13
v7 = &v2 ;     // v7 is now pointing to v2
*v7 ;          // returns v2's value, that is 42
// We cannot reattribute the aliases referencing variables
// because once initialized, aliases **are** the variable they
// were initialized to.
v5 = v2 ;      // v5 is an alias of v1, so this won't reattribute it
               // instead, it will put the value of v2 into v5 and
               // thus v1
               // this, writing v5 = v2 is like writing v1 = v2
v2 ;           // v2 is still 42
v1 ;           // v1 has a value of 42 (since the v5 = v2 line above)
v5 ;           // v5 is still the alias of v1, and thus, its value is 42
v2 = 57 ;      // v2's value is now 57
v1 ;           // v1's value is still 42 (changing v2 has no impact on
               // v1 because they are NOT aliases. They are distinct
               // variables
v5 ;           // v5 is still the alias of v1, and thus, its value is
               // still 42

细节 : 关于C

C 语言只有值的概念,以及指向值的

指针(以及指向值的指针,以及指向...等(,这意味着您有一个使用一元运算符&*引用引用/取消引用(与C++引用无关...(的概念。

T ** p ;     // is the declaration of a pointer to a pointer
             // to a value of type T
p ;          // is still the pointer to pointer
&p ;         // returns the address of the p variable
             // meaning you can put that address in a variable
             // of type T ***:
T *** pp = &p ;
&&p ;        // This has no meaning whatsoever in C and C++
             // because an address is a simple raw number, and a
             // a number has no address: Only variables have
             // addresses
*p ;         // this is p, dereferenced once, meaning you get
             // to have the value at the address given by p, which
             // is still an address (a pointer of type T *)
**p ;        // this is p, dereferenced twice, meaning you get
             // to have the value at the address given by *p,
             // which is of type T

问题在于一元运算符&*并不是真正对称的。例如:

T t = v ;
T * p = &t ;
T * p2 = &t ;       // p and p2 are two different pointers containing
                    // the same address, and thus pointing at the same
                    // value v
p == p2 ;           // is true, because both different pointers contain
                    // the same address
*p == *p2 ;         // is true, because both different pointers point
                    // to the same value (as they contain the same
                    // address)
&p == &p2  ;        // is false, because each variable p and p2 is
                    // distinct from the other, and thus, have different
                    // addresses

所以,在 C 中:

  • 一元运算符*将在指针变量包含的地址处检索值
  • 一元运算符&将检索变量的地址

细节 : 关于C++

在C++中,出于多种原因(但首先发现了运算符的需求,但还有许多其他原因,例如值构造函数,并且主要避免用指针和无用的 NULL 测试污染代码(,存在 (C++( 引用的概念,即值的别名:

在C++中,除了将 & 限定符应用于变量(检索其地址(之外,还可以将其应用于类型(使其变量成为引用/别名(。

因此,当您有:

T t = v ;
T * p = &t ;    // p is a pointer containing the address of the t
                // variable
T ** pp = &p ;  // pp is a pointer containing the address of the p
                // variable
T & r = t ;     // r is a reference to/an alias of t. It behaves as
                // if it was t in all aspects
T *& r = p ;    // If you understand that line, then you're ready for
                // C++ references (i.e. r is an alias of a pointer to T,
                // here, an alias of p)
T **& rr = pp ; // rr is an alias of a pointer to a pointer to T,
                // here, an alias of pp)

我在这里猜测,但很可能rrr的引用在编译时被优化(即只剩下tp(

细节:约C++11(以前称为C++0x(

由于这个问题被标记为C++0x,我将讨论它,以及新的 && r 值引用。

引用/别名没有从 C++ 更改为 C++11。但是除了C++简单的引用/别名之外,还引入了另一种类型的"引用"(作为 && 类型限定符(,即 r 值引用。

由于C++具有值语义,因此某些处理可能非常昂贵。例如,如果您以错误的方式编写代码,您可能会有很多无用的临时人员。

添加了移动语义来处理这个问题:如果最终我们将副本转储到垃圾箱,只保留最后一个,为什么要创建同一对象的大量副本?

例如,以下代码:

  1  |  T foo()
  2  |  {
  3  |     T a ;
  4  |     // put some values in T
  5  |     return a ;
  6  |  }
  7  |  
  8  |  void bar()
  9  |  {
 10  |     T b = foo() ;
 11  |  }

除非进行优化(想到返回值优化,但也要内联(,否则此代码将创建一个值a(第 3 行(或键入 T 。当它返回一个类型T(第 5 行(时,它将创建 a 的临时副本,我们称之为 x ,然后销毁a

在第 10 行,值 b 将使用临时值 x(即所谓的 r 值(进行初始化,然后,x 将被销毁。

这意味着要初始化b,你创建了两个变量,一个显式(a(,一个隐式x(,它们很快就被销毁了,如果构造类型T很昂贵,这可能会很昂贵。

(作为一个有趣的侧节点,我不得不为这个例子增加很多复杂性,以阻止 g++ 通过 r-v-o 进行优化,并演示移动语义对我的示例代码的影响......

解决方案是创建一个移动构造函数(可能还有一个移动operator =,以确保完整性(,即具有以下原型的东西:

T::T(T && p_t) ;                 // move constructor
T & T::operator = (T && p_t) ;   // move operator =

这可以与C++通常的复制构造函数/operator =进行比较:

T::T(const T & p_t) ;                 // copy constructor
T & T::operator = (const T & p_t) ;   // operator =

所以回到上面的例子,我们为T添加移动语义:

class T
{
   V * m_v ; // some complex data, expensive to create
             // and expensive to destroy
   // etc.
}
// destructor :
// Clean its internals if needed
T::~T()
{
   delete this->m_v ; // potentially expensive if m_v is not NULL
}
// copy constructor :
// Do not modify the original, and make a copy of its internals
T::T(const T & p_t)
{
   this->m_v = new V(p_t.m_v) ; // potentially expensive
}
// move constructor
// the original is a temporary (guaranteed by the compiler)
// so you can steal its internals, as long as you keep the
// temporary clean, no one cares
T::T(T && t)
{
   this->m_v = t.m_v ; // stealing the internals of the temporary
   t.m_v = NULL ;      // the temporary is now "empty"
}

这样,上面的代码(带有 foobar,没有任何变化(将避免创建两个 T 类型的临时对象,因为 T 支持移动语义。

PS:添加一个移动构造函数意味着你也应该添加一个移动operator =

string str;
string &arg1 = str; 
string& arg2 = str; 
string *ptr = &str;

表示 arg1 & arg2 是对类型 string 的变量str的引用,这意味着它们只是变量 str 的别名。
它们本质上都声明了一个引用变量,如上所述,这只是放置&的样式问题。

ptr 是指向类型为 string 的变量str的指针。

注意:
引用必须在创建时初始化为变量,并且在初始化后不能引用任何其他变量。引用始终保持同一变量的别名。所以你不应该只是做:

string& arg2;

编译器会为此给你一个错误,如下所示:

错误:"arg2"声明为引用但未初始化

由于分

号,您的所有示例看起来都不合法。但忽略那些

  1. 看起来根本不合法
  2. 假设 arg 是一个指针,那么 *arg 表示事物的值被指向(严格来说,这是对值的引用,但忽略目前(
  3. 看起来像一个声明,如果是这样,则声明 arg 作为对字符串
  4. 和3一样,空格无所谓

没有上下文就不可能说出含义。因此,如果这不清楚,请发布更完整的代码。