模幂运算

Modular Exponentiation

本文关键字:运算      更新时间:2023-10-16

我试图使用这种方法来分解具有大指数的基数,因为标准c++库中的数据类型不存储那么大的数字。

问题是在最后一个循环中,我使用fmod()函数对我的大数进行建模。答案应该是1,但我得到的是16。有人发现问题了吗?

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <math.h>
using namespace std;
typedef vector<int> ivec;
ivec binStorage, expStorage;
void exponents()
{
    for (int j=binStorage.size(); j>=0; j--)
        if(binStorage[binStorage.size()-j-1]!=0)
            expStorage.push_back(pow(2, j));
}
void binary(int number)
{
    int remainder;
    if(number <= 1)
    {
        cout << number;
        return;
    }
    remainder = number%2;
    binary(number >> 1);
    cout << remainder;
    binStorage.push_back(remainder);
}
int main()
{
    int num = 117;
    int message = 5;
    int mod = 19;
    int prod = 1;
    binary(num);
    cout << endl;
    exponents();
    cout << "nExponents: " << endl;
    for (int i=0; i<expStorage.size(); i++)
        cout << expStorage[i] << " " ;
    cout << endl;
    cout << "nMessage" << "-" << "Exponent" << endl;
    for (int i=0; i<expStorage.size(); i++)
    {
        cout << message << "-" << expStorage[i] << endl;
        prod *= fmod(pow(message, expStorage[i]), mod);
    }
    cout << "nAnswer: " << fmod(prod, mod) << endl;
    return 0;
}

结果如下:

1110101
Exponents:
64 32 16 4 1
Message-Exponent
5-64
5-32
5-16
5-4
5-1
Answer: 16
Process returned 0 (0x0)   execution time : 0.085 s
Press any key to continue.

编辑:下面是问题循环。

for (int i=0; i<expStorage.size(); i++)
    {
        cout << message << "-" << expStorage[i] << endl;
        prod *= fmod(pow(message, expStorage[i]), mod);
    }

您发布的算法是模幂算法。按照您发布的链接中的步骤,该算法缩减为以下代码段:

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
// B : Base
// E : Exponent
// M : Modulo
constexpr int powermod(int const B, int const E, int const M) {
  return ((E > 1) ? (powermod(B, E / 2, M) * powermod(B, E / 2, M) * powermod(B, E % 2, M)) % M
                  : (E == 0) ? 1 : B % M);
}
int main() {
  int const e = 117;
  int const b = 5;
  int const m = 19;
  std::cout << "Answer: " << powermod(b, e, m) << std::endl;
  return 0;
}

注意,我使用了constexpr。如果你的编译器不支持它,你可以移除它。使用constexpr,并且假定输入参数是常量表达式,如上面的例子,幂指数的计算将在编译时进行。

现在关于你发布的代码:

  • 似乎fmod不能很好地与(5^325^64)这样的大数字一起工作,并给出错误的结果。

  • 你的代码也遭受编译错误和运行时错误,所以我纠正了它。

  • 我编写了一个基于递归计算模的算法。基本上是我上面发布的算法的一个变体,安全防护功率为4。(见下面的safemod()函数):


#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
typedef vector<int> ivec;
// B : Base     (e.g., 5)
// E : Exponent (e.g., 32)
// M : Modulo   (e.g., 19)
double safemod(double B, double E, double M) {
  return ((E > 4) ? fmod(safemod(B, E / 2, M) * safemod(B, E / 2, M), M)
    :
    fmod(pow(B, E), M));
}
void exponents(ivec const &binStorage, ivec &expStorage) {
  int j(pow(2.0, binStorage.size() - 1));
  for (vector<int>::const_iterator it(binStorage.begin()), ite(binStorage.end()); it != ite; ++it) {
    if (*it != 0) expStorage.push_back(j);
    j /= 2;
  }
}
void binary(int const number, ivec &binStorage) {
  if (number > 0) {
    int remainder = number % 2;
    binary(number / 2, binStorage);
    binStorage.push_back(remainder);
  }
}
int main() {
  int num     = 117;
  int message = 5;
  int mod     = 19;
  int prod    = 1;
  ivec binStorage, expStorage;
  binary(num, binStorage);
  for (size_t i(0); i < binStorage.size(); ++i) cout << binStorage[i];
  cout << endl;
  exponents(binStorage, expStorage);
  cout << "nExponents: " << endl;
  for (size_t i(0); i<expStorage.size(); ++i) cout << expStorage[i] << " ";
  cout << endl;
  cout << "nMessage" << "-" << "Exponent" << endl;
  for (size_t i(0); i<expStorage.size(); ++i) {
    cout << message << "-" << expStorage[i] << endl;
    prod *= safemod(message, expStorage[i], mod);
  }
  cout << "nAnswer: " << fmod(prod, mod) << endl;
  return 0;
}
输出:

1110101

指数:64 32 16 4 1

Message-Exponent

5 - 64

5 - 32

5 - 16

5 - 1

回答:1