在boost python中公开C++接口

Exposing C++ interface in boost python

本文关键字:C++ 接口 boost python      更新时间:2023-10-16

要说明的示例代码:

struct Base
{
  virtual int foo() = 0;
};
struct Derived : public Base
{
  virtual int foo()
  {
    return 42;
  }
};
Base* get_base()
{
  return new Derived;
}
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(libTestMod)
{
  py::class_<Base>("Base", py::no_init)
    .def("foo", py::pure_virtual(&Base::foo));
  py::def("get_base", get_base, py::return_internal_reference<>()); //ignore mem leak
}
  • Base::foo不会在python中被重写
  • Base:foo将在c++中实现,但不应向python公开

尝试了上述代码,但未能编译。

更新:编译错误:

/path/to/boostlib/boost/1.53.0-0/common/include/boost/python/object/value_holder.hpp:66:11: error: cannot declare field 'boost_1_53_0::python::objects::value_holder<Base>::m_held' to be of abstract type 'Base'
Main.C:59:8: note:   because the following virtual functions are pure within 'Base':
Main.C:61:15: note:         virtual int Base::foo()

抽象C++类不能以这种方式公开给Boost.Python。Boost.Pathon教程给出了如何公开纯虚拟函数的示例。简而言之,当用boost::python::pure_virtual装饰方法时,需要创建一个包装器类型,以允许C++多态地解析虚拟函数,并且虚拟函数实现将委托在Python对象的层次结构中多态地解析函数。

struct BaseWrap : Base, boost::python::wrapper<Base>
{
  int foo()
  {
    return this->get_override("foo")();
  }
};
...
boost::python::class_<BaseWrap>("Base", ...)
  .def("foo", boost::python::pure_virtual(&Base::foo))
  ;

有关详细信息,当类型通过boost::python::class_公开时,HeldType默认为要公开的类型,而HeldType是在Python对象中构造的。class_文件规定:

模板参数:

  • T:正在包装的类
  • HeldType:指定实际嵌入到包装T实例的Python对象中的类型[…]。默认为T

因此,boost::python::class_<Base>将失败,因为T = BaseHeldType = Base以及Boost.Python将尝试将HeldType的对象实例化为表示Base实例的Python对象。此实例化将失败,因为Base是一个抽象类。


下面是一个完整的示例,显示了BaseWrap类的使用。

#include <boost/python.hpp>
struct Base
{
  virtual int foo() = 0;
  virtual ~Base() {}
};
struct Derived : public Base
{
  virtual int foo()
  {
    return 42;
  }
};
Base* get_base()
{
  return new Derived;
}
namespace python = boost::python;
/// @brief Wrapper that will provide a non-abstract type for Base.
struct BaseWrap : Base, python::wrapper<Base>
{
  BaseWrap() {}
  BaseWrap(const Base& rhs)
    : Base(rhs)
  {}
  int foo()
  {
    return this->get_override("foo")();
  }
};
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(example)
{
  python::class_<BaseWrap>("Base")
    .def("foo", python::pure_virtual(&Base::foo));
    ;
  python::def("get_base", &get_base,
              python::return_value_policy<python::manage_new_object>());
}

及其用途:

>>> import example
>>> class Spam(example.Base):
...     pass
... 
>>> Spam().foo()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
RuntimeError: Pure virtual function called
>>> class Egg(example.Base):
...     def foo(self):
...         return 100
... 
>>> e = Egg()
>>> e.foo()
100
>>> d = example.get_base()
>>> d.foo()
42

可以在Boost.Python中公开一个抽象类,方法是不使用默认初始值设定项(boost::python::no_init)和不可复制(boost::noncopyable)来公开它。缺少初始值设定项会阻止Python类型从中派生,从而有效地防止重写。此外,Derived在C++中实现Base::foo()的实现细节无关紧要。如果Python根本不应该知道foo()方法,那么省略通过def()公开它。

#include <boost/python.hpp>
struct Base
{
  virtual int foo() = 0;
  virtual ~Base() {}
};
struct Derived
  : public Base
{
  virtual int foo()
  {
    return 42;
  }
};
struct OtherDerived
  : public Base
{
  virtual int foo()
  {
    return 24;
  }
};
Base* get_base()
{
  return new Derived;
}
Base* get_other_base()
{
  return new OtherDerived;
}
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(example)
{
  namespace python = boost::python;
  python::class_<Base, boost::noncopyable>("Base", python::no_init)
    ;
  python::class_<Derived, python::bases<Base> >("Derived", python::no_init)
    .def("foo", &Base::foo)
    ;
  python::class_<OtherDerived, python::bases<Base> >(
      "OtherDerived", python::no_init)
    ;
  python::def("get_base", &get_base,
              python::return_value_policy<python::manage_new_object>());
  python::def("get_other_base", &get_other_base,
              python::return_value_policy<python::manage_new_object>());
}

交互式使用:

>>> import example
>>> b = example.get_base()
>>> b.foo()
42
>>> b = example.get_other_base()
>>> b.foo()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'OtherDerived' object has no attribute 'foo'

抽象类实际上CAN在没有包装的情况下暴露给Boost.Python。诀窍是使用boost::noncopyable定义类,并避免使用pure_virtual方法包装器。

以下是更正后的代码(使用Boost.Python1.47.0和Python2.7.6测试):

#include <boost/python/class.hpp>
#include <boost/python/def.hpp>
#include <boost/python/module.hpp>
struct Base
{
  virtual int foo() = 0;
};
struct Derived : public Base
{
  virtual int foo()
  {
    return 42;
  }
};
Base* get_base()
{
  return new Derived;
}
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(libTestMod)
{
    namespace py = boost::python;
    py::class_<Base, boost::noncopyable>("Base", py::no_init)
        .def("foo", &Base::foo);
    py::def("get_base", get_base,
        py::return_value_policy<py::reference_existing_object>()); //ignore mem leak
}

测试:

$ python
Python 2.7.6 (default, Mar 31 2014, 16:04:58) 
[GCC 4.7.3] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import libTestMod
>>> base = libTestMod.get_base()
>>> print base.foo()
42