如何使用模板在C++中使用“使用”(制作参数化别名)制作别名

How do I use Templates to make aliases with `using` (making parameterized aliases) in C++?

本文关键字:别名 参数 使用 何使用 C++      更新时间:2023-10-16

我目前正在阅读Bjarne Stroustrup的"C++编程语言"第4版。在本书的第一部分,我发现using的用法如下所示:

// Error is in these 2 lines
template<typename T>
using Iterator<T> = typename T::iterator;

*有关完整的程序和错误消息,请参见 [**] *

这正是我在第 105 页中找到的。当我把它变成一个完整的程序并试图编译它时,g++给了我这个错误按摩:

> g++ -std=c++14 -o fnd find_all.cpp
find_all.cpp:13:15: error: expected '=' before '<' token
 using Iterator<T> = typename T::iterator;
           ^
find_all.cpp:13:15: error: expected type-specifier before '<' token

我在这段代码中找不到任何问题,(我是C++新手,我用我的小知识找不到问题)(更令人困惑的是我在 Bjarne 的书中找到了这一点)

有人可以告诉我为什么该代码会出错吗?

注意:但是,如果我用typename C::iterator替换Iterator<C>(见下文),它工作正常,没有错误!

[**]完整的程序和错误消息:

// Error is in these 2 lines
template<typename T>
using Iterator<T> = typename T::iterator;
// -------------------------------------------
// For the completeness I'll include my complete program here
template<typename C, typename V>
vector<Iterator<C>> find_all(C& c, V v) // find all occurrences of v in c
{
    vector<Iterator<C>> res;
    for (auto p = c.begin(); p!=c.end(); ++p)
        if (∗p==v)
            res.push_back(p);
    return res;
}
void test()
{
    string m {"Mary had a little lamb"};
    for (auto p : find_all(m, 'a'))
        if (*p == 'a')
            cerr << "string bug!n";
    list<double> ld { 1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, 5.5, 6.6, 1.1, 1.1 };
    for (auto p : find_all(ld, 1.1))
        if (*p == 1.1)
            cerr << "list bug!n";
    vector<string> strv { "blue", "yellow", "red", "white", "orange", "blue" };
    for (auto p : find_all(strv, "blue"))
        if (*p == "blue")
            cerr << "string vector bug!n";
}
int main(void) 
{
    test();
    return 0;
}

错误信息:

> g++ -std=c++14 -o fnd find_all.cpp
find_all.cpp:13:15: error: expected '=' before '<' token
 using Iterator<T> = typename T::iterator;
           ^
find_all.cpp:13:15: error: expected type-specifier before '<' token
find_all.cpp:16:8: error: 'Iterator' was not declared in this scope
 vector<Iterator<C>> find_all(C& c, V v)
    ^
find_all.cpp:16:17: error: template argument 1 is invalid
 vector<Iterator<C>> find_all(C& c, V v)
             ^
find_all.cpp:16:17: error: template argument 2 is invalid
find_all.cpp:16:18: error: expected unqualified-id before '>' token
 vector<Iterator<C>> find_all(C& c, V v)
              ^
find_all.cpp: In function 'void test()':
find_all.cpp:30:31: error: 'find_all' was not declared in this scope
  for (auto p : find_all(m, 'a'))
                           ^
find_all.cpp:35:32: error: 'find_all' was not declared in this scope
  for (auto p : find_all(ld, 1.1))
                            ^
find_all.cpp:40:37: error: 'find_all' was not declared in this scope
  for (auto p : find_all(strv, "blue"))

必须省略第一个<T>

template<typename T>
using Iterator = typename T::iterator;

定义类模板或函数模板时,使用:

template <typename T> struct Foo { };
template <typename T> T bar() { return T{}; }

定义模板时不使用Foo<T>bar<T>

同样,使用模板定义别名时,需要使用:

template <typename T>
using Iterator = typename T::iterator;
             ^^ Don't include <T>